Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Example

Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Example Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Midterm Cheat Sheet Essay Midterm Cheat Sheet (EDG 701) |Period of |Freud Psychosexual |Erickson | |Life | |Psychosocial (role | | | |of ego/social influ)| |First Year|Oral Stage- oral |Infancy: Trust vs. | | |fixations/gratificat|Mistrust- basic needs| | |ion- mistrust of |met=trust; not | | |others, rejection, |met=mistrust | | |love/fear of | | | |intimate | | |relationships | | |Ages 1-3 |Anal |Early Childhood: | | |Stage- independence, |Autonomy vs | | |personal power, |Shame/Doubt- needs to| | |learn to express |learn how to | | |negative |explore, experiment,| | |feelings- need for |make mistakes; not | | |parental discipline |be dependent | |Ages 3-6 |Phallic |Preschool Age: | | |Stage- unconscious |Initiative vs | |sexual |Guilt- develop a | | |desires- Oedipus |sense of | | |Complex |competence/initiativ| | |(boys)- Electra |e on their own | | |Complex (girls) |(inability active | | | |stance) | |Ages 6-12 |Latency Stage- sexual|School Age: Industry| | |desires replaced by |vs | | |socialization |In feriority- develop | | |desires |gender role | | |identity; understand| | | |the world; | | | |setting/attaining | | | |goals (or | | | |inadequacy) | |Ages 12-18|Genital |Adolscence: Identity| | |Stage- (Phallic |vs Role | | |Stage) Invest sexual|Confusion- est ind | | |energy in socially |identity from | | |acceptable |parents; self, life | |activities |goals, life meaning | | | |(or role confusion) | |Ages 18-35|Genital Stage |Young Adulthood: | | |cont- freedom to love|Intimacy vs | | |and to work and free|Isolation- form | | |from parents |intimate | | | |relationships (or | | | |alienation/isolation| | | |) | |Ages 35-60|Genital Stage |Middle Age: | |continues |Generativity vs | | | |Stagnation- beyond | | | |self fam- help next| | | |generation; | | | |productivity (or | | | |feel of stagnation) | |Ages 60+ |Genital Stage |Later Life: | | |Continues |Integrity vs | | | |Despair- being able | | | |to look back/feel | | |worthwhile (or | | | |despair, resentment,| | | |guilt, | | | |self-rejection) | Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud 40s†¦authoritarian/restricted; disorders, fears, phobias; examined his own childhood memories/dreams(dreams (dream work: latent content vs manifest content), slips of tongue, free association, interpretation of resistance transference) †¦psychodynamic factors unconscious motivated behavior†¦libido (sexual energy; energy in all things- goal gaining pleasure avoiding pain)†¦id (seat of all instincts, unconscious, pleasure principle, illogical; amoral)†¦ego (governs, controls, regulates instincts, conscious, world, reality principle, checks controls id)†¦superego (judicial branch; moral code, presents ideal/perfection, good or bad, right or wrong)- anxiety conflict between the 3†¦reality anxiety=fear of danger from world; neurotic anxiety=fear of doing something that is punishable; moral anxiety=fear of one’s own conscience Defenses: repressioninvoluntary removal of something from consci ousness that later do influence behavior; denialdistorting what the individual thinks, feels, or perceives in a traumatic situation; reaction formationactively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with the for any impulse; projectionattribute in two others ones own unacceptable desires and impulses; displacement directing energy toward another object or person when the original article person is inaccessible; rationalizationjustifies specific behaviors and it aims to soft in the blow connected with disappointments; sublimationdiverging sexual or aggression energy into other channels; regression going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands; introjectiontaking in and swallowing without using standards of some others; identificationidentifying the successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile; compensationmasking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitati ons(goal=†¦cure clients, strengthen ego so behavior more reality based make unconscious conscious; self-awareness, honesty, personal rel, realistic sol to anxiety)†¦blank screen approach (therapists reveal little personally/little reactions=transference of repressed issues with others onto therapist beginning issues to light)†¦listen, learn, interpret†¦intense long (expect psychodynamic therapy)†¦Transference Countertransference=useful in group work†¦Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT) Time Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (TLDP) Multicultual: Erikson emphasis psychosocial development ppl of color; intense training (personal psychotherapy) exposes therapists own biases and sources of countertransference Shortcomings: costly, long term personality reconstruction (not short term prob solv) , upper middle-class values, ambiguity=lack of direction some cultures; doesn’t address social, cultural, and political factors Analytical Psychology (Carl Jung; combines history, anthropology, mythology, religion†¦midlife crisis)†¦influenced by past future events moving us towards individuation (integration of conscious and unconscious)†¦constructive and destructive (shadow) forces which must accept; collective conscious- past and history of species; persona- mask we wear to protect ourselves, animus/anima- biological psychological parts of M and F, shadow- dark side; unconscious discovery prepares for the near future bring balance between opposites of individual Adlerian Therapy/Individual Psychology (Alfred Adler- sickly childhood) growth model instead of sickness model motivated by social relatedness not sexual urges; purposeful/goal-directed behavior; focus on consciousness; stressed choice, responsibility, meaning of life, striving for success (feelings of inferiority motivate us to move towards superiority/higher level)†¦holistic, collaborative, social, goal oriented, systemic, and humanistic in trying to understand the systems in which we live; Phenomenologcial Approach- view world from client’s subj pt of view; all behavior has a purpose, pay attention to themes across ppl life; Fictional Finalism/Guided Self Ideal/Goal of Perfection- central goal that drives behavior; experiences not decisive factor but interpretation decisions made based on them shape personality; faulty interpretations mistaken goals=adverse behavior; awareness of faulty interpretations=opportunity to change†¦social interests (pos attitude toward others contribution) =innate taught, learned, used, Mental Health=social interests + self identification + empathy; no social interest = inferiority/alienation Community feeling=connected to humanity (past, present, future to make world better) –no community feeling=discouragement/uselessness *3 Universal Life Task: Building Friendships (social task), Establishing Intimacy (Love/Marriage Task), Contributing to Society (Occupational Task), additional (Dreikurs Mosak (1967) Getting Along With Others (Self Acceptance), Developing Spiritual Dimension; not completing life task=disorder- Things to do (build relationship with client, identify birth order, early recollections, look at private logic, do lifestyle assessment)†¦Birth Order/Family Constellation (Oldest, Second Child of Only Two, Middle Child, Youngest Child, Only Child)- interpretation of your order is key; Providing info, teaching, guiding, and offering encouragement to discouraged clients(new ways of looking at self, others, life/goals)- client/therapist rel = equal, trust, collaboration, goal alignment, encourage the development of self understanding, reorientation; Adlerian Brief Therapy (ABT)- applications Child Guidance, Parent/Child Counseling, Couples, Family, Group, Cultural, Correctional/Rehab†¦listening to children- identify mistaken goals consequences, emotional coaching, encouragement (Parent Ed Prog STEP Active Parenting)†¦ Multicultural: addresses social equality issues/social embededness, focus on health, cultural/social context (effects of social class, racism, sexism, genderism, role of spirituality) Shortcomings: some cultures may not see self change as important as family and extended family might be more important, some may not wish to explore past childhood memories and/or family experiences, therapist is not an expert Existential Therapy (no particular founder but many streams of thought; Victor Frankl â€Å"Man’s Search for Meaning/Death Camp to Existentialism- began in Nazi concentration camp experiences- essence of life lies in searching for meaning/purpose living an authentic life (Rollo May â€Å"Meaning of Anxiety†: therapy should be aimed at helping discover the meaning of life and should be more concerned with the problems than problem solving)†¦ Frankl – fond of quoting Nietzsche â€Å"he has a right to live for can bear with him any how† â€Å"that which does not kill me, makes me stronger *developed logotherapy therapy for meaning†¦ Sheds light on what it means to be fully alive†¦ To be alive encompasses ability to take hold of life day by day as well as to find meaning in suffering *the therapeutic process is aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose, among other things, suffering, work, and love (Frankl, 1965) 1. Rollo May it takes courage to â€Å"be†, and our choices determine the kind of person we become†¦ There is a constant struggle within us because although growth was maturity and independence, we realized the expansion is often a painful process way of thinking; acknowledges the human situation but emphasizes the freedom to choose what to make of our circumstances; not victims b/c of choice (goal=reflect on life to see how circumstances have been accepted and control lost, recognize alternatives, decide on them to consciously shape life)†¦ *crucial significance- acts against the tendency to identify therapy as a set of techniques; focuses understanding of what it means to be human- Basic Dimensions of Human Condition (1. the greater awareness=greater freedom, 2. Ppl free to choose alternatives; freedom=responsibility for our lives, actions, failures to take action- guilt forms when aware of evading a commitment or haven’t chosen an alt, 3. Ppl concerned with their uniqueness centeredness but want to relate to others- sense of isolation occurs when we have not discovered for ourselves who we are outside of our relationships, what we get from our intimate relationships, are our relationships equal? , 4. Struggle for meaning and purpose in life- emptiness=absence of purpose, 5. Existential anxiety=unavoidable result of being confronted with the givens of existence- normal anxiety=app response to an event used as movitation to change- neurotic anxiety=extreme response usually unconscious and immobilizing, 6. Awareness of death as not negative/normal- motivation to do things of value†¦. sually deal with clients who have restricted existence- limited awareness of themselvestherapist help clients become aware encourage action in the world of how to live differently†¦most suitable for clients exp developmental crisis, grief/loss, confronting death, facing a major life decision- Group Therapy- enables honesty w/self , widens perspective of self/world, clarifies what gives meaning to life- Multicultural- no particular way to viewing reality, broad perspective, focuses on human conditions that transcend boundaries, clients examine how social/cultural conditioning affects them- Shortcomings- ignores social factors that cause human problems, clients who believe they have little choice bc of environmental circumstances (racism, oppression, etc) severely restrict their ability to influence the direction of life, does not include social interventions, some cultures do not focus on self self-determination, not structured and problem oriented approach Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers- humanistic psychology- close but strict religious family relationship; play discouraged=lonely, wouldn’t share with mother bc of her judgement=necessity of nonjudgemental listening acceptance if clients are to change, not concerned with history, avoid leading/probing questions, interpretations, evaluation, or frequency/length of therapy; not a prob solving model but growth model/client chooses their goals, shared journey in which therapist guide bc of more experience and psychological maturity, greatest action=reduction of racial tensions efforts to achieve world peace (Nobel Peace Prize Winner) â€Å"quiet revolutionary†- shares concepts with existentialism=ppl are trustworthy; capable of understanding and resolving their own conflicts wo direct intervention; attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapists, quality of client-therapist relationship=prime determinants of the outcome of therapy- expected model to evolve and change†¦. Period of Developm’t=1. 1940s=nondirective counseling- therapists permissive and nondirective, clients reflect/clarify feelings (believed giving advice, suggestion, direction, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation were inadequate, pre-judical, and often misused), 2. 1950s=client centered therapy- emphasis on client phenomenological (existence in the world around us) world actualizing tendency as motivation for change, 3. Late 50s-70s=process of becoming one’s experience- openness to experience, trust it, adding evaluation, willingness to be that process- client centered applied to education=student centered teaching, 4. 0s-90s=interest in edu, politics, industry, groups, concrete resolution, world peace increased as well as how ppl obtain, process, share or surrender power over other/themselves increased=person centered approach†¦Similiarties to Existentialism *shared respect for clients subjective (own) experience, respect unique ness/individuality, trust capacity to make pos/constructive conscious choices, emphasis on freedom, choice, values, personal resp, autonomy, purpose, meaning, place little emphasis on techniques†¦Differences to Existentialism *existentialists believe we are faced with anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks meaning, humanists focus less on anxiety but more on natural potential to actualize and find meaning; in therapy if conditions are right ppl will grow towards actualization(a directional process of striving towards fulfillment, autonomy, perfection (not perfect but higher level than previous)†¦. herapist create secure environment through congruence (realness/genuineness/openness of feelings, thoughts, reactions, attitudes appropriately/professionally), unconditional positive regard/acceptance/love (non-possessive, nonjudgemental, not for personal satification), accurate empathetic understanding (ability to grasp the subjective world of others; no t sympathy)=less defensiveness, value their experiences, modify perceptions, increased confidence, more openness, prosocial/constructive behavior†¦therapist focus on what is right for the client, assests they bring, how they act in the world, how they can move forward in constructive ways successfully encounter obstacles that are blocking growth=living fully/authentically with realization that this is a continual process in which actualization never arrives†¦clients seek therapy bc of helplessness, powerlessness, and inability to make decisions/direct their lives and learn to explore policing feelings of fear, anxiety, shame, hatred, anger, etc†¦Expressive Arts Therapy (Natalie Rogers)- all ppl have the ability to be creative, transformative healing process bc of inc self awareness, understanding, insight, inner and outer world become one Multicultural- highly used in European countries, lack of techniques procedures but being with clients â€Å"present† (listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, responding), allows for diversity, innovation, and individualization in practice, sharing of reactions, caring, immediacy of addressing what is going on, clients more actively involved in assessment/treatment, Group/Families/School- lack of controlling but facilitators of safe/healing climate providing more self-direction assuming of responsibilities/consequences, in crisis- presents opp to express themselves fully, be understood/accepted but may need to provide more structure, workshops promote cross cultural comm†¦.. Shortcomings- clients may desire more structure and techniques, may be diff for some to transfer into ractice, some cultures may not value autonomy and personal growth, may not provide significant challenges/tasks to clients, clients select goals, personal limitations of therapists due to a lack of experience with an experience Ethics- mandatory ethics=ethical prac at min level of prof prac, aspirational ethics=best interests of the client, positive ethics=doing what’s best instead of min level, ethics-edu everyone about prof resp of profession; provide accountability- Steps 1. Identify prob, 2. Identify potential issues, 3. Look for ethics, 4. Consider laws/regulations, 5. Consultation(document), 6. Courses of action, 7. Consequences, 8. Decide on best course of action†¦Limits to confidentiality- abuse, danger to self/others, criminality, hospitalization needed, informed consent, consultation, subpoena†¦Microskills Hierarchy - †¦bottom up.. 1. thics, multicultural competence (exam beliefs, avoid assumptions, be sensitive and understanding of how power, privilege, and other sociocultural influences affect cultures, values, biases, be aware of them; don’t impose them on clients), wellness (sleep, exercise, balance, setting boundaries, fami ly/friends, diet, relaxation, pers counseling), 2. Attending behaviors (culturally and individually approp visual (eye contact), vocal qualities, verbal tracking, body language, mirroring behavior (slight), affirmation, resp feedback, smiling, nodding, caring, 3. questions (open: Could? Would? Can? vs. closed: specific, Is? Are? Do? - avoid suggestions/advice, why? , over questioning or questions as stmts that suggest, appropriate/timely silence, sometimes nonattention (avoids rambling), 4. Observational skills (nonjudgemental but take notice), 5. Encouraging (use the most), paraphrasing, summarizing (use the least) stmts, 6. Reflection of feelings4 main feelings=sadness, anger, fear, joy (each has a range)†¦be present/hold space for client’s feelings, nonjudgemental, empathetic, feelings you’re most comfortable with has to do something with you personally, all feelings are ok; actions/behaviors are the problem, trust don’t try to change feelings, you don’t have to feel their feelings but if you do (countertransference) be aware, put aside, work on that personally†¦Personal Characteristics of Therapists=self-awareness, open to change, goal-oriented, authentic, humor, not perfectionist, live in the present, appreciate other cultures, social interest, interpersonal skills, have meaning/purpose, passionate, healthy boundaries†¦Diff of New Therapists=anxiety, being one’s self, perfect, silence, demands of client, client lack of commitment, ambiguity, losing self, humor, therapist/client journey, not giving advice, defining role as therapist, learning to use t echniques, developing personal counseling style, staying vital balanced