Romeo and Juliet Coursework Essay Example Essay Example

The Body Mass Index Essay Example

The Body Mass Index Paper The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a proportion between the stature and weight of an individual, determined by the heaviness of the individual (in kilograms) by their tallness squared (in meters). Midriff to-Hip Ratio (WHR) is viewed as the factor that signals female ripeness and wellbeing. This is on the grounds that solid, premenstrual ladies store fat on their lower body parts bringing about a female trademark, while guys store fat on their chest area parts. While considering the impact of WHR, alone, on engaging quality lower estimations of the WHR are viewed as increasingly appealing, with values between 0.6-0. 7 being maximally appealing. Engaging quality isn't just founded on the WHR yet additionally on the BMI. Females with low BMI esteems (underweight) and high BMI esteems (overweight) are viewed as ugly, with the center of the BMI esteem run viewed as alluring and sound. In any case, it is that impacts of both these elements have upon the impression of engaging quality that has lead to inquire about. Numerous investigations have been directed so as to comprehend which of these two contributing components are progressively significant in the view of female engaging quality. Discoveries by Devendra Singh (1994) reason that the two people passed judgment on heavier female pictures with low WHRs as more appealing and more beneficial than more slender pictures with higher WHRs. These outcomes show that both the WHR and BMI are impressive contributing variables to the view of engaging quality. The perfect picture has stemmed numerous other research thoughts and it has been discovered that ladies picked flimsy female figures as perfect and see their own figure as fatter than the perfect (Fallon and Rozin 1985, refered to in Singh 1994). We will compose a custom exposition test on The Body Mass Index explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Body Mass Index explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Body Mass Index explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Additionally, ladies pick their optimal figure to be a lot more slender than what they accept to be mens view of alluring (Fallon and Rozin 1985, refered to in Singh 1994). Studies have lead to the presumption that the WHR and BMI impact various parts of pictures that all amalgamate into the impression of how alluring that picture is. BMI is by all accounts progressively powerful in the view of energy (Singh 1994) and considers have discovered that WHR could be identified with fruitfulness and the propensity to bring forth guys, as opposed to females (Tovee Cornelissen, 1999). Past examinations have shown that the BMI is the more compelling element in the impression of appeal representing over 70% of the various relapse investigation where WHR represents just 2%. This would recommend that the consequence of this trial would be comparable and that BMI is the more significant contributing component. Nonetheless, as referenced already, Singh (1994) reasoned that ladies judge view of engaging quality considering the WHR more than the BMI. It has been proposed that in current society a premium has been put on slenderness and along these lines it has brought about the general supposition that slight is alluring. This has positively been the situation in more Westernized civilisations where low WHR is liked. Notwithstanding, in progressively conventional social orders a higher WHR is favored as higher WHR is identified with the generation of children. Along these lines, in social orders that esteem children over little girls an increasingly cylindrical formed ladies is liked. This may likewise be expected to the medias portrayal of appealing, which in numerous social orders is flimsy, accordingly incompletely clarifying the fixation on slimming down and the battle to turn out to be slender. This carries notice to the issues of dietary problems and how they influence a people impression of engaging quality. Morris et al (1989) found that over a multi year time frame (1959-1978) the heaviness of Miss America Pageant competitors and Playboy centerfolds fundamentally diminished. In any case, it was likewise discovered that normal abdomen size expanded and bust and hip size diminished, bringing about a progressively cylindrical formed lady. The general end was that in the course of the most recent three decades a huge change in the romanticized female body shape has happened. In any case, later examinations demonstrated that Morris et al results were wrong and that when the genuine WHRs were registered they stayed inside a female 0. 68-0. 72 territory in this way, unmistakably demonstrating that the subjects were not turning into a progressively rounded shape (Singh 1994). Theory: BMI will be fundamentally more significant than WHR in deciding the engaging quality of a female body. Invalid Hypothesis: There will be no noteworthy contrast between the BMI and WHR in deciding the allure of the female body Method Apparatus: The main mechanical assembly included was the real PC program. The PC program included various pictures of the state of the female body. These pictures were clearly and the figure wore a skin tight leotard. The countenances were obscured out so there was no predisposition in the engaging quality of the facial highlights. Subjects: The whole brain research class occurred in the analysis. The sexual orientation of the gathering was blended. Albeit a huge extent of the class was female. The age of the stage two understudies was dominatingly between 19-22 years old. They were nai ve in the expected result of the examination now. Technique: The Body Mass Index (BMI) and the midsection to-hip proportion were being explored. The subjects were given a progression of 50 female pictures in front view on a VDU screen. The pictures shifted in Body Mass Index and in abdomen to-hip proportion. The subjects were then approached to rate each picture on a size of 0-9, composing their rating into the PC. The first run through the subjects experienced a training run with the goal that they could gage their general thought for the appraisals. The second time the outcomes were checked and spared, and pooled along with the remainder of the classs results.

5 of the Most Anticipated Books By Asian Authors in 2020

5 of the Most Anticipated Books By Asian Authors in 2020 One of the breakout stories of 2019 happened when Adele Lim, an Asian woman writing the Crazy Rich Asians’s movie sequel, left the project because of huge pay disparity. She was reportedly being paid almost ten times less than her white co-writer. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Lim, through a reported speech, said that “women and people of color often are regarded as ‘soy sauce’â€"hired to sprinkle culturally specific details on a screenplay, rather than credited with the substantive work of crafting the story.” On top of all this, the directors response left much to be desired. But no matter how saddening the outcome is, it calls for a stronger solidarity for Asian and other writers of color. Here are five books for you to consider reading this year to support them: Djinn Patrol on the Purple Line by Deepa Anappara (February 4th, 2020) This mix of literary fiction and mystery might be what you’re looking for if you want to be immersed in Indian culture. Djinn Patrol on the Purple Line follows 9-year-old Jai as he investigates several disappearances in his neighborhood. What starts as an innocent probing turns into a serious case. The book effortlessly combines local folklore, like the Djinns, and significant themes such as social class and poverty in India. Amnesty by Aravind Adiga (February 18th, 2020) From the author of the Booker prize winner The White Tiger comes a relevant and timely tale. Danny, an illegal immigrant in Australiaâ€"after being denied a refugee statusâ€"just witnessed a horrendous crime. The dilemma is whether to report it to the authorities and risk being sent back to Sri Lanka, or let the justice do its own job. In the age of forced migration and displacement, this one hits home the most. Riverrun by Danton Remoto (April 4th, 2020) Previously published by a local Philippine publisher, Penguin Random House Southeast Asia is re-releasing an extended and international edition of this poignant tale from one of the pioneers of gay writing in the Philippines. Riverrun is a coming-of-age story that follows a young gay boy growing up under the government’s tyranny in 1960s Philippines. The book is genre-bending. At times, it feels like a novel, but it can feel a lot like memoir, too. The Groom Will Keep His Name by Matt Ortile (June 2nd, 2020) This is another queer Filipino writing on the list. The Groom Will Keep His Name is a collection of essaysâ€"slash-memoir from a gay Filipino immigrant in the United States. It explores what every gay immigrant faces when moving to the West: the search for identity and sexual exploration. This debut also documents Ortile’s social awakening when it comes to issues on race and ethnicity. Antiemetic for Homesickness by Romalyn Ante (July 23rd, 2020) We dont get enough poetry collections by poets who are a women of color and Asian. And I don’t see a lot of women Asian poets making it this big, so this one definitely makes this list. Antiemetic for Homesickness is a perfect read for every immigrant who straddles two worlds. Ante, who was brought by her mother to the United Kingdom as a child, explores identity, culture, and language in this debut collection. Like other Filipino works, like the hit comic series Trese (soon to be a Netflix anime series), this collection also incorporates Philippine mythology and folklore. These are only five of the most-anticipated reads from Asian writers this year. Want more books from Asian writers? Here’s a recommended reading: Backpacking Around Southeast Asia With 11 Books From 11 Countries Also, make sure to check out my contributor page for more Asian content.

The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen...

The Debate of Interracial Marriages and the Unseen Barriers of Relationships 1 For decades, interracial relationships have been a deep seated conflict among many people and families in our history. Not only in the United States, but many countries around the world have debated and banned such acts. Although it has now been found to be unconstitutional based on the violation of the fourteenth amendment, societal perceptions, norms, and hate groups have still managed to persist. We as a country have come a long way in the past fifty years by recognizing the injustice in banning and punishing certain marriages, but there is still a definite stigma and an abundance of prejudice, resentment, and negative reactions attached to those who are†¦show more content†¦These types of experiences and attitudes lead many Black/white couples to isolate from their communities to protect themselves (Bratter King, p.170). As one can see, when social support is lacking it can lead to couples isolation. Isolation in turn can lead to other psychological issues and problems between the couple making arguments and distress much easier to come by. One could almost say that at least outside of the direct home of the couple, negativity seems to be lurking on all sides of them. It would be easy to see how divorce may sometimes seem like the most logical or conceivable solution to these stresses. It is clear that negative reactions from family as well as from society and also outsider beliefs are aspects that can contribute to stress and negative marital dynamics, yet there are still other variables like background/values, age, and psychological distress that was just touched on briefly. In the past, interracial relationships were seen by many as a psychological flaw or disorder in the person involved; someone who had low self esteem, self-loathing, deep psychological sicknesses, and inferiority issues. These attitudes put even more of a 4 negative impression onShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAutomatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information Overload 353 †¢ Emotions 353 †¢ Language 354 †¢ Silence 354 †¢ Communication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 †¢ Cultural Context 357 †¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Implications for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-AssessmentRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesRetailing and Wholesaling Integrated Marketing Communication Advertising management Sales promotion Personal selling Public relations Understanding individual consumer behaviour Understanding industrial consumer behaviour Customer satisfaction Customer relationship management Marketing of services Rural marketing Types of marketing research Process of marketing research Tools and Techniques of marketing research Applications of marketing research Preparation of marketing research report Online marketing E-commerceRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.................................................................................. 474 Inferring from Correlation to Causation......................................................................................... 479 Criteria for a Causal Relationship................................................................................................ 481 Criteria for Creating Good Explanations ........................................................................................ 483 Assessing

Essay about Absurdity and Satire in The Importance of...

Absurdity and Satire in The Importance of Being Earnest In Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, much is made of societal expectations, protocols, as well as the inversions of these expectations. A character, Jack Worthing, adopts an alter ego when going into town to avoid keeping up with the serious and morally upright behaviour that is expected of him as guardian to his eighteen-year-old ward, Cecily. Another character, Algernon Moncrieff, makes up an invalid friend Bunbury whose grave health conditions provide him with the excuse to escape to the country as and when he pleases. Both Jack and Algernon are admired by two young ladies who erroneously believe the mens names to be Ernest, and who adore the men for this very†¦show more content†¦JACK. You really love me, Gwendolen? GWENDOLEN. Passionately! JACK. Darling! You dont know how happy youve made me. GWENDOLEN. My own Ernest! JACK. But you dont really mean to say that you couldnt love me if my name wasnt Ernest? GWENDOLEN. But your name is Ernest. JACK. Yes, I know it is. But supposing it was something else? Do you mean to say you couldnt love me then? GWENDOLEN. [Glibly.] Ah! that is clearly a metaphysical speculation, and like most metaphysical speculations has very little reference at all to the actual facts of real life, as we know them. JACK. Personally, darling, to speak quite candidly, I dont much care about the name of Ernest . . . I dont think the name suits me at all. GWENDOLEN. It suits you perfectly. It is a divine name. It has music of its own. It produces vibrations. JACK. Well, really, Gwendolen, I must say that I think there are lots of other much nicer names. I think Jack, for instance, a charming name. GWENDOLEN. Jack? . . . No, there is very little music in the name Jack, if any at all, indeed. It does not thrill. It produces absolutely no vibrations . . . I have known several Jacks, and they all, without exception, were more than usually plain. Besides, Jack is a notorious domesticity for John! And I pity any woman who is married to a man called John. She would probably never be allowed to know theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde980 Words   |  4 PagesEarnest Hypocrisy In Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, two gentlemen exemplify the result of dishonesty and hypocrisy. Set in Victorian England, the two bachelors, Algernon and Jack, fight over which one of them will take the name Ernest in order to win their own girl. Wilde circumvents conventionalism and employs superior satirical strategy to not only teach the importance of being earnest, a characteristic held dear by Victorian society, but he also chastises his world for the hypocrisyRead MoreThe Significance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde1305 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Barbara Tuchman, â€Å"satire is a wrapping of exaggeration around a core of society.† Satire exposes the absurdity embedded in society through exaggerated extremes of social norms. Satire is the hyperbolic expressions of absurdity, which provides clarity through sarcasm and offensive exaggerations to project a society’s ethics. In Oscar Wilde’s play, The Importance of Being Earnes t, Wilde exposes the absurdity of Victorian aristocratic social propriety. Wilde utilizes numerous ironic punsRead MoreThe Absurdity Of The Victorian Upper Class Society1653 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 25, 2016 The Absurdity of the Victorian Upper-Class Society Sans irony, the title of the play, The Importance of Being Earnest - A Trivial Comedy for Serious People, by Oscar Wilde probably would have been called â€Å"The Insignificance of Being Earnest.† This is because throughout the play all the major characters lied and were not the least bit earnest. This comedy is a satire on the mannerisms of the Victorian upper-class society in the late 1800s. As it is a satire, Wilde’s intent was toRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde1107 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde’s comedy, The importance of Being Earnest, is a farcical critique of contemporary societal attitudes towards social institutions. The play is centered on the importance of the protagonists being called Earnest without actually being earnest. The Paradoxical structure of the play combines trivial situations with formal language to complicity ridicule traditional standards on issues like marriage and social class. These expectations are deemed meaningfulRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Johnathon Swift801 Words   |  4 Pagesis to procreate and profit from their offspring. He goes on to reference, â€Å"child dropped from its dam,† as if making a comparison between women and animals. Swift furthers that with talk of allowing a number of women for breeding reserves, and it being more than the allotted number to that of livestock. Swift continues his dehumanization by making the people and children themselves seem inconsequential. He reduces them to mere numbersâ €”statistics. By dividing and lessening their numbers (poor peopleRead MoreGender in the importance of being earnest Essay examples1312 Words   |  6 Pagesgender the main comic creator in the play of ‘The Importance of being Earnest’? Comedy originated in the 6th century BC in ancient Greece at the Dionysian festival. Comedy was first designed to provoke laughter and to entertain the audience. The ancient Greeks used the word comedy to describe a play with a happy ending much the same as the play the ‘Importance of being Earnest’. The play uses elements of old comedy for example; it is a satire of the Victorian era that is most importantly appliedRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesAThe Importance of Being Earnest a play written by Oscar Wilde is set in England in the late Victorian era. Wilde uses obvious situational and dramatic irony within the play to satirize his time period. According to Roger Sale in Being Ernest the title has a double meaning to it and is certainly another example of satire used by Wilde. With a comedic approach, Wilde ridicules the absurdities of the character’s courtship rituals, their false faces, and their secrets. (Sale, 478) In theRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest: Wildes Wit in Use2173 Words   |  9 PagesIn researching the ideas and themes behind Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, I stumbled upon numerous questions and underlying themes which I plan to dissect thoroughly in the following body of this paper treating each question individually and in an abstract manner. The questions I encountered ranged from the incestual tendencies of Lady Bracknell in relation to the gothic genre to Wildes use of food as a weapon and a means of demonstrating ones power. Before diving into theRead MoreOscar Wildes Use Of Criticism In English Literature1107 Words   |  5 Pagesform of satire, mostly targeted the upper classes. His famous play The Importance of Being Earnest provides a prime example of the use of satire as a form of critique. Through the use of characterization and absurd language, Wilde mocks the value given to social institutions in the Victorian upper-class society. Specifically, he satirizes the socially constructed role of the family, religion and marriage. Lady Bracknell’s characterization and Jack’s family story satirize the importance of the familyRead MoreHoratian and Juvenalian Satire1884 Words   |  8 PagesHoratian and Juvenalian Satire Satire has many definitions, but according to Merriam Webster satire can be defined as â€Å"A literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn† (Webster). This definition is likely used by many authors who exercise the application of satire. Satire has been in literature since ancient times; it is derived from the Latin satura, meaning dish of mixed fruits, (Weisgerber). Many satirists have shared a common aim: to expose foolishness in all its guises

Scholarship, Practice and Leadership in Higher Education Free Essays

From a pragmatic point of view, what higher education demands in the current context of the Information Age and the globalized, digital economy is a vision of improvement and change; that is, a vision for moving forward, a vision which discerns mistakes and more importantly, addresses them. It is important to note that teaching and learning are processes; fundamental modes of human behavior and endeavor. With the increasing demand for higher education across countries, and as new technology applications emerge, most of administrators, faculty, and students embrace a new educational infrastructure; one which is built upon information technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Scholarship, Practice and Leadership in Higher Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now While this is true, it is also true that the digital divide is widening. This is to say that children from the lowest strata of society have less access to computers, the Worldwide Web, and new information resources in their schools than the wealthy. Such realities create future problems for these children because of the fact that most careers nowadays require information technology skills. Within this context, this paper seeks to explicate how information literacy influences, shapes and moulds scholarship, practice, and leadership in higher education. It is important to note that there are a number of definitions of information literacy but most of these definitions are derived from the definition provided by the American Library Association (ALA) Presidential Committee on Information Literacy (1989): To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information (p. ) As far as higher education is concerned, information literacy then should not be viewed as discipline specific, but the other way around; a position argued by Diane Zabel in her article entitled â€Å"A Reaction to Information Literacy and Higher Education. † â€Å"It is imperative that information literacy not stand in isolation but be integrated across the curriculum† (Zabel, 20 04). It can be observed that the demands of the current global and digital economy require more collaboration and concerted efforts. If we are to comply with such demands, the direction that our institutions of higher education should take, in terms of their instruction and research should be leaning towards multi-disciplinary, participatory and collaborative approaches. â€Å"For information literacy to succeed, it must be integrated, relevant, ongoing, collaborative, and applied† (Zabel, 2004). Such ideas resonate even in Sean Lauer and Carrie Yodanis’ article entitled, â€Å"The International Social Survey Programme: A Tool for Teaching with an International Perspective. † Lauer’s and Yodanis’ focus is, however, on the teaching of sociology in the undergraduate curriculum. Over the years that we have used ISSP in the classroom, we have found that it does contribute to a learning environment in which students’ sociological questions and answers are not limited to their own country but are cross-national† (Lauer et al, 2004). The current global and digital economy h as implications not only in terms of instruction and research, but also on the concept of leadership. In as far as the current market paradigm is concerned, corporate business activities also tend to put premium on teamwork, collaborations, and collective strength in terms of leadership. In the current global and digital economy, the idea is for an individual to be capable of multi-tasking and networking; faculty members who do not only teach but also do research, practicing nurses who do not only do clinical duty but also do research, sociologists working side by side with medical practitioners, etc. In the final analysis, information literacy is a very important life-skill that an individual should possess in order to cope up with the demands of the globalized and digital economy. How to cite Scholarship, Practice and Leadership in Higher Education, Papers

The Virgin by Kerima Polotan Tuvera Essay Example

The Virgin by Kerima Polotan Tuvera Essay He went to where Miss Mijares sat, a tall, big man, walking with an economy of movement, graceful and light, a man who knew his body and used it well. He sat in the low chair worn decrepit by countless other interviewers and laid all ten fingerprints carefully on the edge of her desk. She pushed a sheet towards him, rolling a pencil along with it. While he read the question and wrote down his answers, she glanced at her watch and saw that it was ten. I shall be coming back quickly, she said, speaking distinctly in the dialect (you were never sure about these people on their first visit, if they could speak English, or even write at all, the poor were always proud and to use the dialect with them was an act of charity), you will wait for me. As she walked to the cafeteria, Miss Mijares thought how she could easily have said, Please wait for me, or will you wait for me? But years of working for the placement section had dulled the edges of her instinct for courtesy. She spoke now pere mtorily, with an abruptness she knew annoyed the people about her. When she talked with the jobless across her desk, asking them the damning questions that completed their humiliation, watching pale tongues run over dry lips, dirt crusted handkerchiefs flutter in trembling hands, she was filled with an impatience she could not understand. Sign here, she had said thousands of times, pushing the familiar form across, her finger held to a line, feeling the impatience grow at sight of the man or woman tracing a wavering X or laying the impress of a thumb. Invariably, Miss Mijares would turn away to touch the delicate edge of the handkerchief she wore on her breast. We will write a custom essay sample on The Virgin by Kerima Polotan Tuvera specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Virgin by Kerima Polotan Tuvera specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Virgin by Kerima Polotan Tuvera specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where she sat alone at one of the cafeteria tables, Miss Mijares did not look 34. She was slight, almost bony, but she had learned early how to dress herself to achieve an illusion of hips and bosom. She liked poufs and shirrings and little girlish pastel colors. On her bodice, astride or lengthwise, there sat an inevitable row of thick camouflaging ruffles that made her look almost as though she had a bosom, if she bent her shoulders slightly and inconspicuously drew her neckline open to puff some air into her bodice. Her brow was smooth and clear and she was always pushing off it the hair she kept in tight curls at night. She had thin cheeks, small and angular, falling down to what would have been a nondescript, receding chin, but Natures hand had erred and given her a jaw instead. When displeased, she had a lippy, almost sensual pout, surprising on such a small face. So while not exactly an ugly woman, she was no beauty. She teetered precariously on the border line to which belonged countless others who you found, if they were not working at some job, in the kitchen of some married sisters house shushing a brood of devilish little nephews. And yet Miss Mijares did think of love. Secret, short-lived thoughts flitted through her mind in the jeepneys she took to work when a man pressed down beside her and through her dress she felt the curve of his thigh; when she held a baby in her arms, a married friends baby or a relatives, holding in her hands the tiny, pulsing body, what thoughts did she not think, her eyes straying against her will to the bedroom door and then to her friends laughing, talking face, to think: how did it look now, spread upon a pillow, unmasked of the little wayward coquetries, how went the lines about the mouth and beneath the eyes: (did they close? did they open? in the one final, fatal coquetry of all? to finally, miserably bury her face in the babys hair. And in the movies, to sink into a seat as into an embrace, in the darkness with a hundred shadowy figures about her and high on the screen, a man kissing a womans mouth while her own fingers stole unconsciously to her unbruised lips. When she was younger, there had been other things to do college to finish, a niece to put through school, a mother to care for. She had gone through all these with singular patience, for it had seemed to her that love stood behind her, biding her time, a quiet hand upon her shoulder (I wait. Do not despair) so that if she wished she had but to turn from her mothers bed to see the man and all her timid, pure dreams would burst into glory. But it had taken her parent many years to die. Towards the end, it had become a thankless chore, kneading her mothers loose flesh, hour after hour, struggling to awaken the cold, sluggish blood in her drying body. In the end, she had died her toothless, thin-haired, flabby-fleshed mother and Miss Mijares had pushed against the bed in grief and also in gratitude. But neither love nor glory stood behind her, only the empty shadows, and nine years gone, nine years. In the room for her unburied dead, she had held up her hands to the light, noting the thick, durable fingers, thinking in a mixture of shame and bitterness and guilt that they had never touched a man. When she returned to the bleak replacement office, the man stood by a window, his back to her, half-bending over something he held in his hands. Here, she said, approaching, have you signed this? Yes, he replied, facing her. In his hands, he held her paperweight, an old gift from long ago, a heavy wooden block on which stood, as though poised for flight, an undistinguished, badly done bird. It had come apart recently. The screws beneath the block had loosened so that lately it had stood upon her desk with one wing tilted unevenly, a miniature eagle or swallow? felled by time before it could spread its wings. She had laughed and laughed that day it had fallen on her desk, plop! What happened? What happened? they had asked her, beginning to laugh, and she had said, caught between amusement and sharp despair, Some one shot it, and she had laughed and laughed till faces turned and eyebrows rose and she told herself, whoa, get a hold, a hold, a hold! He had turned it and with a penknife tightened the screws and dusted it. In this mans hands, cupped like that, it looked suddenly like a dove. She took it away from him and put it down on her table. Then she picked up his paper and read it. He was a high school graduate. He was also a carpenter. He was not starved, like the rest. His clothes, though old, were pressed and she could see the cuffs of his shirt buttoned and wrapped about big, strong wrists. I heard about this place, he said, from a friend you got a job at the pier. Seated, he towered over her, Im not starving yet, he said with a quick smile. I still got some money from that last job, but my team broke up after that and you got too many jobs if youre working alone. You know carpentering, he continued, you cant finish a job quickly enough if you got to do the planing and sawing and nailing all by your lone self. You got to be on a team. Perhaps he was not meaning to be impolite? But for a jobseeker, Miss Mijares thought, he talked too much and without call. He was bursting all over with an obtruding insolence that at once disarmed and annoyed her. So then she drew a slip and wrote his name on it. Since you are not starving yet, she said, speaking in English now, wanting to put him in his place, you will not mind working in our woodcraft section, three times a week at two-fifty to four a day, depending on your skill and the foremans discretion, for two or three months after which there might be a call from outside we may hold for you. Thank you, he said. He came on the odd days, Tuesday, Thursday, Sunday. She was often down at the shanty that housed their bureaus woodcraft, talking with Ato, his foreman, going over with him the list of old hands due for release. They hired their men on a rotation basis and three months was the longest one could stay. The new one there, hey, Ato said once. Were breaking him in proper. And he looked across several shirted backs to where he stopped, planing what was to become the side of a bookcase. How much was he going to get? Miss Mijares asked Ato on Wednesday. Three, the old man said, chewing away on a cud. She looked at the list in her hands, quickly running a pencil down. But hes filling a four-peso vacancy, she said. Come now, surprised that she should wheedle so, give him the extra peso. Only a half, the stubborn foreman shook his head, three-fifty. Ato says I have you to thank, he said, stopping Miss Mijares along a pathway in the compound. It was noon, that unhappy hour of the day when she was oldest, tiredest, when it seemed the sun put forth cruel fingers to search out the signs of age on her thin, pinched face. The crows feet showed unmistakably beneath her eyes and she smiled widely to cover th em up and aquinting a little, said, Only a half-peso Ato would have given it to you eventually. Yes, but you spoke for me, he said, his big body heaving before her. Thank you, though I dont need it as badly as the rest, for to look at me, you would knew I have no wife yet. She looked at him sharply, feeling the malice in his voice. Id do it for any one, she said and turned away, angry and also ashamed, as though he had found out suddenly that the ruffles on her dress rested on a flat chest. The following week, something happened to her: she lost her way home. Miss Mijares was quite sure she had boarded the right jeepneys but the driver, hoping to beat traffic, had detoured down a side alley, and then seeing he was low on gas, he took still another shortcut to a filling station. After that, he rode through alien country. The houses were low and dark, the people shadowy, and even the driver, who earlier had been an amiable, talkative fellow, now loomed like a sinister stranger over the wheel. Through it all, she sat tightly, feeling oddly that she had dreamed of this, that some night not very long ago, she had taken a ride in her sleep and lost her way. Again and again, in that dream, she had changed direction, losing her way each time, for something huge and bewildering stood blocking the old, familiar road home. But that evening, she was lost only for a while. The driver stopped at a corner that looked like a little known part of the boulevard she passed each day and she alighted and stood on a street island, the passing headlights playing on her, a tired, shaken woman, the ruffles on her skirt crumpled, the hemline of her skirt awry. The new hand was absent for a week. Miss Mijares waited on that Tuesday he first failed to report for some word from him sent to Ato and then to her. That was regulation. Briefly though they were held, the bureau jobs were not ones to take chances with. When a man was absent and he sent no word, it upset the system. In the absence of a definite notice, someone else who needed a job badly was kept away from it. I went to the province, maam, he said, on his return. You could have sent someone to tell us, she said. It was an emergency, maam, he said. My son died. How so? A slow bitter anger began to form inside her. But you said you were not married! No, maam, he said gesturing. Are you married? she asked loudly. No, maam. But you have you had a son! she said. I am not married to his mother, he said, grinning stupidly, and for the first time she noticed his two front teeth were set widely apart. A flush had climbed to his face, suffusing it, and two large throbbing veins crawled along his temples. She looked away, sick all at once. You should told us everything, she said and she put forth hands to restrain her anger but it slipped away she stood shaking despite herself. I did not think, he said. Your lives are our business here, she shouted. It rained that afternoon in one of the citys fierce, unexpected thunder-storms. Without warning, it seemed to shine outside Miss Mijares window a gray, unhappy look. It was past six when Miss Mijares, ventured outside the office. Night had come swiftly and from the dark sky the thick, black, rainy curtain continued to fall. She stood on the curb, telling herself she must not lose her way tonight. When she flagged a jeepney and got in, somebody jumped in after her. She looked up into the carpenters faintly smiling eyes. She nodded her head once in recognition and then turned away. The cold tight fear of the old dream was upon her. Before she had time to think, the driver had swerved his vehicle and swung into a side street. Perhaps it was a different alley this time. But it wound itself in the same tortuous manner as before, now by the banks of overflowing esteros, again behind faintly familiar buildings. She bent her tiny, distraught face, conjuring in her heart the lonely safety of the street island she had stood on for an hour that night of her confusion. Only this far, folks, the driver spoke, stopping his vehicle. Main streets a block straight ahead. But its raining, someone protested. Sorry. But if I got into a traffic, I wont come out of it in a year. Sorry. One by one the passengers got off, walking swiftly, disappearing in the night. Miss Mijares stepped down to a sidewalk in front of a boarded store. The wind had begun again and she could hear it whipping in the eaves above her head. Maam, the mans voice sounded at her shoulders, I am sorry if you thought I lied. She gestured, bestowing pardon. Up and down the empty, rain-beaten street she looked. It was as though all at once everyone else had died and they were alone in the world, in the dark. In her secret heart, Miss Mijares young dreams fluttered faintly to life, seeming monstrous in the rain, near this man seeming monstrous but sweet overwhelming. I must get away, she thought wildly, but he had moved and brushed against her, and where his touch had fallen, her flesh leaped, and she recalled how his hands had looked that first day, lain tenderly on the edge of her desk and about the wooden bird (that had looked like a moving, shining dove) and she turned to him with her ruffles wet and wilted, in the dark she turned to him. from: http://pinoylit. blogspot. com/2005/03/virgin-by-kerima-polotan-tuvera. html

Free Essays on Foreign Policy And Violece

Most of the United States problems are now self induced due to its over involvement in foreign policy. Often the method of â€Å"keeping the peace† in an ally country is the use of military force. This excessive use of the military directly draws extra money from the tax payers pocket and puts our soldiers at risk just to make America look like the good guy. The United States (U.S) should become more neutral in world matters and only act when necessary because it will save the American people money, save American lives and The United States will not seem like an unfriendly giant always using its force to snuff others out. The United States spends about one billion dollars a day on the military. That adds up to a total of 365 billion dollars a year of tax payers’ money and the U.S has not been involved in a major war since the early nineties. So why is all of this money being spent on the military? It’s because The United States involves itself in the small skirmishes of its allies. For example, large amounts of artillery and thousands of troops each year attempt to keep peace between Iraq and Iran. Even though this is not a massive amount of U.S military force, the money being budgeted to pay the men and women who are there and the money spent on the weapons they use could be used to solve New Hampshire’s crisis of funding education. Although how tax payers’ money is spent it is not as important as the lives of the men and women who make up America’s armed forces and the civilians that they protect. Each year soldiers die away from American soil trying to aid its allies, usually for some type of self-benefit. Yes, these deaths are horrible, but they can be reconciled by saying that these men and women die honorably in the line of duty, fighting for his or her country. What wounds can never be healed are those of saying to a wife or husband that his or her spouse burned to death on the eightieth floor due to a terrorist act ... Free Essays on Foreign Policy And Violece Free Essays on Foreign Policy And Violece Most of the United States problems are now self induced due to its over involvement in foreign policy. Often the method of â€Å"keeping the peace† in an ally country is the use of military force. This excessive use of the military directly draws extra money from the tax payers pocket and puts our soldiers at risk just to make America look like the good guy. The United States (U.S) should become more neutral in world matters and only act when necessary because it will save the American people money, save American lives and The United States will not seem like an unfriendly giant always using its force to snuff others out. The United States spends about one billion dollars a day on the military. That adds up to a total of 365 billion dollars a year of tax payers’ money and the U.S has not been involved in a major war since the early nineties. So why is all of this money being spent on the military? It’s because The United States involves itself in the small skirmishes of its allies. For example, large amounts of artillery and thousands of troops each year attempt to keep peace between Iraq and Iran. Even though this is not a massive amount of U.S military force, the money being budgeted to pay the men and women who are there and the money spent on the weapons they use could be used to solve New Hampshire’s crisis of funding education. Although how tax payers’ money is spent it is not as important as the lives of the men and women who make up America’s armed forces and the civilians that they protect. Each year soldiers die away from American soil trying to aid its allies, usually for some type of self-benefit. Yes, these deaths are horrible, but they can be reconciled by saying that these men and women die honorably in the line of duty, fighting for his or her country. What wounds can never be healed are those of saying to a wife or husband that his or her spouse burned to death on the eightieth floor due to a terrorist act ...

Top 5 Best Pieces of Advice from Elon Musk

Top 5 Best Pieces of Advice from Elon Musk Elon Musk is a man of the future. Born in South Africa, he’s an inventor, entrepreneur, investor, and visionary- now a hugely successful businessman and leader. You’d hardly think to look at him that he was bullied in school, a product of divorce, and raised thousands of miles away from centers of global commerce. His computer skills and interests, however, took him to college in Canada, and then towards the founding of a software company called Zip2 with his brother Kimbal. Musk used the profits from that sale to co-found X.com, which, together with Confinity, would later become PayPal.Since then, he’s founded SpaceX to advance rocket technology for future space travel. This company has only grown while NASA has been stymied with budget cuts. In 2008, he took over leadership of Tesla Motors, which is now a leading automotive innovator. He also is responsible for Solar City, in an effort to combat global warming by reducing emissions through solar energy innovati on.He’s worth over $12.5 billion and still isn’t done. Remember, this is the guy who taught himself to code in only three days. What can you learn from him for your own career inspiration?1. Have a goal.Don’t just make your goal to â€Å"make a lot of money† or â€Å"get promoted to X.† Have a goal that’s both compelling and meaningful. Figure out how to make things better, or to do something significant. If the company or product doesn’t exist yet, be on the forefront of making it real.2. Seek criticism.Don’t be delusional and think you and your ideas are infallible. Get as much feedback as you possibly can from people you trust. Make sure you keep examining yourself to make sure you truly believe in your ideals and aren’t just after some unrealistic dream for the wrong reasons. Be gracious when someone tells you to rethink one aspect of your plans.3. Don’t spread yourself too thin.Don’t try to run multipl e empires or companies. Concentrate on doing one thing, or building one company at a time, and giving that project your all. On the other hand, you should be working harder and longer than everybody else. That’s how you get more done in less time, and how you get ahead.4. Don’t fear failure.Failure is a normal part of the innovation process. Make friends with this. If you think something is probably going to end up in failure, but it’s important enough to try, make sure you go for it. Failure is generative. Failure is a necessary component of innovation.5. Choose to be extraordinary.According to Musk, â€Å"people can choose to be ordinary.† Choose the opposite. Challenge and question norms. Do the unexpected. Strive always for greater goals and deeds.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 17

English - Essay Example In any war, the soldiers get paranoid; they are dispossessed of the sense of justice and morality, once they are part of the war. The solider will never be the same individual again.War is a terrible evil exercise for humanity. The victor is also a loser! Political leaders plan the war, but the soldiers fight it at the ground level. When one soldier is killed, the immediate family members suffer and the well-wishers go through an agonizing experience. The soldiers have no personal enmity and yet they are compelled to plan to eliminate each other. The only mantra for a soldier is, kill or get killed! Each day is a tough survival option for the soldier and no one at home is able to understand their predicaments. Tim illustrates a story of a soldier who brings his girlfriend to Vietnam. When she arrives, she is fresh and exuberant about the country that she is going to visit. But soon, the jungle life fascinates her; she loses attachment to her old city life. She disappears into the jungle. Tim explains this incident thus: "Tone? I didnt know it was all that complicated. The girl joined the zoo. One more animal--end of story." (O’Brien, p.107)Tim recalls a moment, how he killed a soldier who was walking down a trial. Tim threw a hand grenade at him and his face exploded†¦. He also narrates about the image of a young girl dancing outside her destroyed village, as American soldiers take the dead family away. ---One cries when one is sad; one doesn’t, when mad! Many such stories circulate. But, "Its safe to say that in a true war story nothing is ever absolutely tr ue." (O’Brien, p. 82) In Louise Erdrichs short story, "The Red Convertible," she communicates the emotional disturbances, war creates for a soldier and his relationships through symbolism of car between two brothers, Henry and Lyman. Their great attachment to the joint property, the symbol of their mutual affection during the pre-war days has vanished. Henry realizes that his

Bacterial Cell Surface Tension Attachment and Implications for Article - 1

Bacterial Cell Surface Tension Attachment and Implications for Bioremediation - Article Example There was no significant relationship between the culturing of the bacteria with their attachment to the different material that was being tested. The environments under which the bacterial species were cultured had the significant influence on the level of attachment of different bacterial species to various surfaces. These results present essentially in seeking to establish the variance of species adherence to hexadecane. The attachment of microbial cells to solids and hydrophobic liquids is an important prerequisite in the degradation of chemicals that are recalcitrant because of extremely low solubility. Bacterial adsorption at interfaces is a physical and chemical process that, for the majority of micro-organisms, does not involve the expenditure of metabolic energy. The attachment process involves non-specific interactions between the cell surface, the solid or hydrophobic liquid and the bulk liquid phase(Abbasnezhad et al. 2011). Many factors influence bacterial attachment at solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces. Environmental factors such as pH, temperature and the presence of cations, anions and organic molecules in the bulk liquid phase all directly affect the attachment process, as does the nature of the solid or the hydrophobic liquid(Mceldowney & Fletcher 1986). Microbial factors are equally important in determining the extent of bacterial attachment to surfaces, and the characterist ics of the cell surface have a considerable impact on attachment. Microbial cell surfaces are complex and consist of a variety of macromolecules, which vary with the microbial type. The macromolecular composition of bacterial cell surfaces, also, differs with growth substrate, growth phase, and growth rate. Such variations alter the charge and hydrophobic characteristics of bacterial surfaces (Rosenberg et al. 1980).  Ã‚  

Buddhist Doctrine Of Karma Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Buddhist doctrine of karma ("deeds", "actions"), and the closely related doctrine of rebirth, are perhaps the best known, and often the least understood, of Buddhist doctrines. The matter is complicated by the fact that the other Indian religious traditions of Hinduism and Jainism have their own theories of Karma and Reincarnation. It is in fact the Hindu versions that are better known in the West. The Buddhist theory of karma and rebirth are quite distinct from their other Indian counterparts. In Buddhism the law of karma is the moral law of causation - good actions give good results and vice versa. It is the quality of an act, which determines its consequences. But what determines the karmic quality of a deed? In Hinduism it is the correct performance of a person's "duty", especially his caste duties that counts. Early Buddhism, which recognized no caste distinctions, evaluates the karmic quality of an act in terms of moral and ethical criteria. In particular it is the mental factors, which accompany the commission of deed that determines its consequences or "fruits" (vipà ¢ka). All negative karma (i.e. those leading to bad consequences) arise from the three roots of unwholesomeness. These are greed (lobha), aversion (dosa), and delusion (moha). Accordingly good karmic results follow from deeds that spring from generosity (caga), loving-kindness (mettà ¢) and wisdom (vijjà ¢). The Buddha emphasized that it is the mental factors involved rather than the deeds themselves that determine future consequences. Thus the same deed committed with different mental factors will have different consequences. Likewise purely accidental deeds may have neutral consequences, however if the accident occurred because insufficient mindfulness was exercised it could have adverse results for the person responsible for it. The theory of karma presupposes that individuals have "free will". Everything that happens to an individual is not the fruit of some past karma. In fact the experiences that involve an individual may be of three kinds: some are the result of past action, some are deliberately committed free acts; and the remainder could be due to chance factors operating in the environment. The doctrine of karma is not a theory of predestination of any kind. One common misunderstanding is not to distinguish between the action an... ...vana is a representation of someone becoming enlightened in this life. It seems as though Christians tend to emphasize too greatly the importance of acceptance into the Kingdom of Heaven. Buddhists believe it is not the deeds themselves, but the mental factors involved in making those decisions that determine later consequences. We, as Catholics, should at least try to follow that example. Because it seems that all too often Christians over look the fact that they should not overlook the fact that they only have a certain amount of time to do things right in this lifetime, because heaven is never ending. In order to live better lives; Christians should learn as much as possible about religions that are alien to them. They should adopt ideals that make sense to them in their daily lives. And finally, they should be proud that they share similar ideals as many of the worlds other great religions. Bibliography Berchol, Samuel The Buddha and his Teachings. New York: Barnes and Noble books, 1997 Gurasekara, Victor A. Basic Buddhism. London: Buddhist Monk Press, 1997 Kaufman, Walter Religions, in Four Dimensions .New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1976

Philosophy of Benedict Spinoza Essay

If one were to make a list of iconoclastic and radical thinkers, Benedict Spinoza would rank high. His great and enduring work, Ethics, continues to have renewed impact, currently among environmentalists and ecologically minded thinkers. Spinoza wrote numerous philosophical, political, and religious criticism works. His efforts consistently express a mind set in favor of religious tolerance and in opposition to traditional religious orthodoxy. In his two major works, Tractatus Thologico-Politicus and Ethics present interpretations of spiritual concepts that continue to offend some religious believers and provide an avenue of belief for those who aver traditional religion. Born in Amsterdam on November 24, 1632 in a jewish community and died in The Hague on February 20, 1677 at the age of 44. Latinized his given name Baruch(blessed) using the form Benedictus. Spinoza lived an outwardly simple life as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honors throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions. The family inheritance he gave to his sister. On 27 July 1656, the Talmud Torah congregation of Amsterdam issued a writ of cherem (Jew)/Herem(Hebrew), a kind of ban, shunning, ostracism, expulsion, or excommunication against the 23 year old Spinoza. Amsterdam and Rotterdam operated as important cosmopolitan centers where merchant ships from many parts of the world brought people of various customs and beliefs. Some possibility of free thought and shelter from the crushing hand of ecclesiastical authority. Most significantly, he came into contact with so-called ‘free-thinking’ Protestants – dissenters from the dominant Calvinism – who maintained a lively interest in a wide range of theological issues, as well as in the latest developments in philosophy and science. In order to discuss their interests, these free-thinkers organized themselves into small groups, they called colleges, which met on a regular basis. Spinoza may have attended such meetings as early as the first half of the 1650? s, and it is most likely here that he received his first exposure to Cartesian thought. His intellectual horizons were expanding and he was experiencing a restlessness that drove him to look further afield. It was at this time that he placed himself under the tutelage of an ex-Jesuit, Latinist,a medical doctor, Franciscus Van den Enden, who was notorious for his allegedly irreligious cast of mind, a passionate advocate of democratic political ideals. Spinoza’s increasingly unorthodox views and, perhaps, laxity in his observance of the Jewish law strained his relations with the community. Tensions became so great that resulted in his excommunication . Most Important works a) Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrate (simply, Ethics) b)Tractatus Theologico-politicus c)Brief Treatise on God, Man and His Happiness d)Tractaus de intellectus emendation e)Cogitata metaphysica Philosophy A . Against dualism â€Å"God is the infinite, necessarily existing (that is, uncaused), unique substance of the universe. There is only one substance in the universe; it is God; and everything else that is, is in God. † Spinoza believed God exists and contends that â€Å"Deus sive Natura† (â€Å"God or Nature†) is a being of infinitely many attributes, is abstract and impersonal. As a youth he first subscribed to Descartes’s dualistic belief that body and mind are two separate substances, but later changed his view and asserted that they were not separate, the universal substance consists of both body and mind, that it is a single identity there being no difference between these aspects. He contended that everything that exists in Nature (i. e. , everything in the Universe) is one Reality (substance) and there is only one set of rules governing the whole of the reality which surrounds us and of which we are part. Spinoza believes that: 1)a God that does not rule over the universe by providence, but a God which itself is the deterministic system of which everything in nature is a part. 2)God would be the natural world and have no personality. 3)To see God or Nature as acting for the sake of ends—to find purpose in Nature—is to misconstrue Nature and â€Å"turn it upside down† by putting the effect (the end result) before the true cause. 4)Nor does God perform miracles, since there are no departures whatsoever from the necessary course of nature. The belief in miracles is due only to ignorance of the true causes of phenomena. If a stone has fallen from a room onto someone’s head and killed him, they will show, in the following way, that the stone fell in order to kill the man. For if it did not fall to that end, God willing it, how could so many circumstances have concurred by chance (for often many circumstances do concur at once)? Perhaps you will answer that it happened because the wind was blowing hard and the man was walking that way. But they will persist: why was the wind blowing hard at that time? why was the man walking that way at that time? If you answer again that the wind arose then because on the preceding day, while the weather was still calm, the sea began to toss, and that the man had been invited by a friend, they will press on—for there is no end to the questions which can be asked: but why was the sea tossing? why was the man invited at just that time? And so they will not stop asking for the causes of causes until you take refuge in the will of God, i.e. , the sanctuary of ignorance. (I, Appendix) B. Humane vision â€Å"Everything must necessarily happen the way that it does. Therefore, humans have no free will. They believe, however, that their will is free† Spinoza was a thoroughgoing determinist who held that absolutely everything that happens occurs through the operation of necessity. For him, even human behaviour is fully determined, with freedom being our capacity to know we are determined and to understand why we act as we do. So freedom is not the possibility to say â€Å"no† to what happens to us but the possibility to say â€Å"yes† and fully understand why things should necessarily happen that way. This illusionary perception of freedom stems from our human consciousness, experience and our indifference to prior natural causes. Humans think they are free but they ? dream with their eyes open?. For Spinoza, our actions are guided entirely by natural impulses. This picture of Spinoza’s determinism is ever more illuminated through reading this famous quote in Ethics: ? the infant believes that it is by free will that it seeks the breast; the angry boy believes that by free will he wishes vengeance; the timid man thinks it is with free will he seeks flight; the drunkard believes that by a free command of his mind he speaks the things which when sober he wishes he had left unsaid. †¦ All believe that they speak by a free command of the mind, whilst, in truth, they have no power to restrain the impulse which they have to speak. † Thus for Spinoza morality and ethical judgment like choice is predicated on an illusion. c. Politcal Philosophy â€Å"Every man may think what he likes,and say what he thinks. The real disturber of peace are those who, in a free state, seek to curtail the liberty of judgement which they are unable to tyrannize over. † Spinoza’s reputation as a political thinker is eclipsed by his reputation as a rationalist metaphysician. Nevertheless, Spinoza was a penetrating political theorist whose writings have enduring significance. In his two political treatises,has it’s main purpose the defense of free expression, Spinoza advances a number of forceful and original arguments in defense of democratic governance, freedom of thought and expression, and the subordination of religion to the state. On the basis of his naturalistic metaphysics, Spinoza also offers trenchant criticisms of ordinary conceptions of right and duty. And his account of civil organization, grounded in psychological realism, stands as an important contribution to the development of constitutionalism and the rule of law. There is also textual evidence for the view that Spinoza does not reject other forms of government in favor of democracy. One of the central aims of A Political Treatise is precisely to demonstrate how different forms of governments can meet the fundamental political value of stability. For example, Spinoza explains that, historically, monarchies have enjoyed the most stability of any form of government (PT: VI:317), and that their potential instability results from the divergent interests between the sovereign and the citizens. In light of this, Spinoza advises the sovereign to act in his or her own interests which is to act in the interests of the citizens. In the case of aristocracy, instability is said to result from inequality of political power among the ruling aristocrats, the remedy for which consists of equalizing such power as far as possible. Spinoza’s considered thoughts on the stability of democracy were interrupted by his untimely death, but while he thought it most consistent with freedom, he nevertheless regarded it as the most unstable of all political forms. Indeed, Spinoza comments that democracies naturally evolve into aristocracies, and aristocracies naturally evolve into monarchies. At least on one understanding of â€Å"natural,† democracies may be interpreted as less natural than aristocracies and monarchies (PT: VIII: 351). To understand ends, sources, and justification of political authority, one does well to begin with the Conatus Principle and the associated psychological axioms employed by Spinoza. The source of problems for Spinoza’s political theory, specifically the moral notions of â€Å"contract,† â€Å"rights,† and â€Å"obligations† can also be traced to his view of human nature.

Ap Biology Practice Questions - 2588 Words

Cell Division, Heredity, and Rcolution Practice Questions Cell Division An organism is heterozygous at two gene loci on different chromosomes. Explain how these alleles are transmitted by the process of mitosis to daughter cells. After mitosis the parent cells genome is dividedninto two daughter cells. In most eukaryotes, the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm disassembles. The chromosomes align themselves in a line spanning the cell. As the cell elongates, corresponding sister chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends. A new nuclear envelope forms around the separated sister chromosomes. As mitosis completes, cytokinesis is well underway. Explain how these alleles are distributed by the process of†¦show more content†¦Organs begin to form in organogenesis. The embryo develops into a larval stage, the tadpole. Metamorphosis then turns the tadpole into a frog. Compare and contrast the formation of sperm and egg. With sperm, each cell goes through meiosis to produce four sperm cells. During oogenesis a oogonium cell undergoes mitosis to produce primary oocytes. It differs from sperm formation because it is a stop-start process. It also divides the cell unequally and one primary oogonium cell produces one active cell in contrast to sperm. Ecology Describe the process of ecological succession. It is the observed process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Within any community some species may become less abundant over some time interval, or they may even vanish from the ecosystem altogether. Similarly, over some time interval, other species within the community may become more abundant, or new species may even invade into the community from adjacent ecosystems. This observed change over time in what is living in a particular ecosystem is ecological succession. Name five properties of populations and explain what they tell us about a population. Size Tells us the mass Density Tells us how many Dispersion Tells us how they are spread out Survivorship curves Tells us how many survive in a graph Age structure diagrams Tells us the age ranges The Cell CompareShow MoreRelatedHow Cultured Hippocampal Neurons And Proteins And Rna Transport763 Words   |  4 PagesWM, de Brouwer AP, Haas SA, Bienek M, Hu H, Vissers LE, van Bokhoven H, Kalscheuer V, Nadif Kasri N, Kleefstra T. Involvement of the kinesin family members KIF4A and KIF5C in intellectual disability and synaptic function. J Med Genet. 2014, 51(7): 487-94. 2. Liu XA, Kadakkuzha B, Pascal B, Steckler C, Akhmedov K, Yan L, Chalmers M, Puthanveettil SV. New approach to capture and characterize synaptic proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014,111(45): 16154-9. 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Social class may affect the values of education at each school For exampleRead MorePhysician: Healing the Modern World977 Words   |  4 Pagesneed to go to a school where I can do my undergraduate studies in pre-medicine. There is a plethora of different classes that are needed to be taken, ranging from biology to Economics. Even though there is a wide variety of classes required, most of the classes are science based. Some of these classes include: different forms of biology and chemistry, a few classes in physics, and social sciences. A few of the classes that are not science based are a few hard math classes, some English comprehension

The Dangers of Social Media - 1290 Words

Social Media is dangerous. Predators uses websites like social network, sexting, online gaming and chat rooms to harass and can lead to many dangerous situations. Many students send inappropriate pictures, videos of themselves to their friends and they send it to other friends. Anonymous people can see these pictures and send hurtful messages to teenagers. It could harm teenagers because students in school begins to call names and bully them which increases students to commit suicide. Suicide is common towards teenagers due to being harassed, humiliated, threatened from ages 10-18. Teenagers have access to everything on their computer and smartphones at home like Facebook, myspace, twitter. Teens are often harassed by friends or classmates. Classmates spread rumors to other to make the victim feel embarrassed and lie. They use the websites talk to with anonymous people online. These people can lie about their age, where they live and what they look like. In fact a student who ended their life such an early age named â€Å"Phoebe Prince hanged herself, she was a new student at South Hadley High School in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Phoebes school reportedly called her an Irish slut, a whore and a bitch, viciously harassing her in person and on Facebook† (Holladay 1). Insulting teens can cause them to have disorders for example depression or eating disorder makes teens think about committing suicide. Schools have the right to punish a student that harasses anotherShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Social Media1177 Words   |  5 PagesCarlos M. Fernandez Cornelius Brownlee Fund. Of Speech September 18, 2015 Dangers of Social Media In the offline world, communities are much more easily managed, and rules enforced. However, in the virtual world that is the internet, rules become arbitrary. It is scary how much we have incorporated social media into our lives, to the point we are almost dependent on it. While social networking sites may have started off as places where we could share thoughts with our peers and communicate with ourRead MoreThe Dangers Of Social Media1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dangers Of Social Media The world of social media can be a broad spectrum of various possibilities and a deep pool of the unknown. When diving into the world of social media you have to consider the fact that technology has become so advanced that people don’t even have to meet you in order to know who you are without even being present in your person lives. Nowadays you have all sorts of spyware which gives a predator the capability of invading your daily life. We will get more into the differentRead MoreThe Dangers Of Social Media911 Words   |  4 Pagesone feel, when going online and talk to a random person through a social media? Does one feel invincible? Like, one has a voice? We all feel that one way or another, because what kind of harm can come to a person through a screen. As it turns out, there is a danger to social media and the online world. This is true, especially for the youths of today; it is also true for the adults as well. Though many know the dangers of Social Media, there are m any kids that will still ignore it; which is why itRead MoreThe Dangers Of Social Media1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dangers of Social Media Sitting down at the dinner table is not the same as it used to be in past years. Now parents must contend with their kids fighting to hold onto their phones, updating statuses, sending Snapchats, and chatting with friends. Dads must stay up to date with sports and work. Moms take photos, send out emails, and check pins on Pinterest. In this world of fast-paced media accessibility, it is hard to find the time and patience for personal conversations with those we love mostRead MoreThe Dangers Of Social Media3067 Words   |  13 Pagesharmful situation. Millions of teenagers fall into the perils of the social media world due to the over usage of public networking. Everyday tasks including homework, communication, browsing, entertainment, etc. that is done via the internet may seem like a simple and expedient choice when it comes to exploring new things and completing your tasks in a timely manner, but there are millions of people taking advantage of social media usage as a virtual shi eld that consists of hiding themselves behindRead MoreThe Danger Of Social Media Globalization761 Words   |  4 Pages The Danger of Social Media Globalization Jun Su Park (Jun) ILSC in Toronto The Danger of Social Media Globalization The Scottish football manager Sir Alex Ferguson said that â€Å"How do you find the time to do that? There are a million things you can do in your life without that. Get yourself down to the library and read a book. Seriously. It is a waste of time (O’Connell, 2011, para. 5). 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We are connected twenty-four hours a day, at work, school, home, shopping etc. There is a necessity, a need to be connected to these social media’s, to feel like you are a part of society. With these growing numbers in being connected to social media’s on the web, there comes a growing desire for privacy and safety. In this paper I will discuss and analyze the social media’s themselvesRead MoreEssay On Teen Suicide1332 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen on the rise just as fast as the rise of social media use. Teenage suicide is never a good thing and is heartbreaking to those it affects. As social media becomes more intertwined in young people s lives there has been an increase in teen suicide from cyber bullying. Often times young teens don t know the dangers and consequences social media can cause and makes it a dangerous place for some of them. The companies that provide these social media websites sometimes do not have the features necessaryRead MoreSocial Media And Its Use By Those Under 18908 Words   |  4 PagesSocial media and its use by those under 18 Social media sites are websites that allow users to connect with large groups of people and share opinions, daily experiences, as well as pictures. These sites can aid with staying in contact with family and friends regardless of their proximity to you. However, these social media sites can cause damage and even bring harm. Parents should not allow children under the age of 18 to access social media sites, because children are not mature enough to deal

Injustices The Wrong Human Rights - 1459 Words

Injustices: The Wrong Human Rights In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article one states, â€Å"[that] all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,† (â€Å"The Universal Declaration . . . â€Å"). Although this is written and followed in many countries around the world, there are still countries that do not follow this statement. These countries are the ones where freedom are not given freely. People have to fights for rights that should be automatically given. Goal number sixteen of the United Nations’ global goals for sustainable development specifically targets this issue. Working towards equality and liberties for all citizens that are sharing this planet by reducing violence is a vital part of societal advancement. Without the people of the world, the other goals are not worth fighting for. Some people believe that poverty is the top priority, yet others disagree due to substantial problems that arise in limited and reduced human rig hts, the lack of strong powerful governments in developing countries, and violence in conflict areas. Poverty is a worldwide problem that is quite detrimental to health, however it should not be the first goal accomplished. According to the United States census, fourteen point eight percent of people which equivalent to forty-six million seven hundred thousand citizens that were living in poverty (â€Å"Poverty† About). Despite this percent not being a majority, a very large number of people are affected. These people haveShow MoreRelatedCan Utilitarianism Be Defended Against The Injustice Objection?1361 Words   |  6 Pagesdefended against the Injustice Objection?    In this essay, I will argue that utilitarianism cannot be defended against the injustice objection. 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This is evident in the speech â€Å"The Hypocrisy of American Slavery† by FredrickRead MoreTheme Of Injustice In Macbeth758 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth, written by William Shakespeare, implies that once injustice occurs, it stays in the society, and gets carried out by others. However, â€Å"Redemption Song†, lyrics by Bob Marley, implies that the act of unfairness exists in society but you can regenerate the situa tion to justice. To begin with, in Act 4 Scene 3 of Macbeth, because of the information Macduff began to learn and infer about Macbeth, Macbeth ordered murderers to attack MacDuff’s family, while he was visiting Malcolm in England.Read MoreKing s Letter From Birmingham Jail1267 Words   |  6 Pagesthe action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things. Martin Luther King Jr. is well known for his acts against segregation during the civil rights movement. In this Letter from Birmingham Jail, King discusses the inequalities and prejudice forced upon African Americans. This great injustice leads to protest which ar lead by King and his followers. These protest are described to be as â€Å"unwisely and untimely† but King has counter arguments which include the severeRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr And Henry David Thoreau1393 Words   |  6 Pagesconscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arou se the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for the law† (para 20). King knows that he was wrongfully thrown in jail and accepts going to jail because he believed that eventually the community will see the injustices and pressure the government to change. King is respecting the law by obeying it and believes in following the rules peacefully in orderRead MoreKing s Letter From Birmingham Jail1253 Words   |  6 Pagesthe action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things. Martin Luther King Jr. is well known for his acts against segregation during the civil rights movement. By this Letter from Birmingham Jail, King discusses the inequalities and prejudice forced upon African Americans. This great injustice leads to protest, which are led by King and his followers. These protests are described to be as â€Å"unwisely and untimely† but King has counter arguments which include the severeRead MoreCultural Relativism : A Universal Standard Of Morality1480 Words   |  6 Pagestolerated by people of other cultures (Fastiggi, 2013, p.30). The universal standards of morality do not exist between cultures rather it exists within cultures which prevents other cultures form being judged (Rachels, p.2). This means that the rights and wrongs are based upon an individual’s culture so an action considered moral in one society can be immoral in another. Cultural relativism is invalid because it is self-refuting and does not have objective standards. However, cultural relativists argue

Hamlet vs. Laertes Free Essays

Jeffrey Kotch Mrs. Ingram Literary Analysis English 12 The main theme in Hamlet is revenge. Although Hamlet and Laertes are both seeking revenge, they go about it differently. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet vs. Laertes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because they are in the same situation, they can be compared to one another. Shakespeare probably created the retaliatory Laertes in order to make the reader or audience side with Hamlet, the protagonist. By comparing him to the rash Laertes, the author forces the reader to appreciate the careful thought that goes into Hamlet’s every move (until towards the end when he too becomes rash). They are both high-class males placed in strenuous positions. Without Laertes, the audience would have no one else to compare Hamlet to, other than Fortinbras, who rarely appears. Laertes is almost the standard to which Shakespeare wants his audience to compare the Prince to. Comparing the two almost intensifies their different characteristics. The differences between Laertes and Hamlet affect a main theme of the play revenge. Both men have fathers killed, and both are seeking revenge. Hamlet, though he knows who murdered his father, hesitates to take direct action against the villain. In stark contrast is Laertes, who doesn’t know who killed his father but will kill anyone on a whim. Laertes’ rashness throughout provides the play with an unlikely stereotypical hero– brave, unwavering, ready to kill– and is rather ironic because Laertes is not the play’s â€Å"hero† role. The hero instead is Hamlet, and Hamlet is not a typical hero, in that he shies away from violence, and is portrayed as insane for half of the play (though that is by his own doing). Hamlet is not even able to kill his uncle until Act 5, by which time he can be argued to be mentally and emotionally instable, if not insane. In order to avenge his father’s death, Hamlet must lose himself in insanity; he must become, essentially, an entirely different character. Another considerable difference between Hamlet and Laertes are their relationships with Ophelia. Hamlet is obviously taken by Ophelia in the first two acts of the play, as he writes her letters and even tries to grab her in his lustful advances. This is clearly not the case with Laertes, as he is Ophelia’s brother; although Shakespeare is not beyond writing about incest, it is not being portrayed here. Instead, Laertes takes on a protective role of â€Å"big brother† (although we do not know which sibling is the elder), warning Ophelia of Hamlet’s advances as being juvenile and false. Hamlet later begins to treat Ophelia badly, scorning her affections and seemingly driving her insane and to her inevitable death. Laertes seems to dislike Hamlet from the beginning of the play, and emotions collide in Act V: the two men scuffle in the open grave of Ophelia, each believing that they loved her the most, and jealous of the other’s affections for her. Hamlet’s clashes with Claudius also build the plot of the play; knowing that his uncle killed his father in cold blood, Hamlet’s scorn of the new king grows throughout the play. Hamlet continually struggles with his emotions as he fights the desire to avenge his father’s death by killing the king. He uses circuitous means to take metaphorical stabs at his uncle: a play about a man killing his uncle by pouring poison in his ear (the same method of murder used to kill Hamlet’s father). Claudius eventually gets the feeling that Hamlet knows more than he is letting on, and begins to feel threatened. Claudius begins looking for ways to get rid of Hamlet, and eventually decides to send him off to England, where he has sent orders to have his nephew killed. His plan, however, is thwarted when Hamlet discovers the orders for his death. Claudius now needs Laertes, a rash and violent person, to kill Hamlet for him. He tells Laertes that Hamlet killed Polonius, and Laertes allies with Claudius against Hamlet. Thus, another dissimilarity is disclosed, as Hamlet would never consider allying with Claudius for anything, and Laertes, hungry for blood, is willing to ally with anybody who will give him an easy kill. How the characters feel about their fathers is also very dissimilar. Hamlet loves his father and is devastated when King Hamlet is killed; Hamlet is suicidal at the beginning of the play due to his father’s death. Hamlet feels that, for the love of his father, he must take revenge, yet is unable to do so for lack of courage and ambition. Laertes (while the level of his relationship with his father is unclear in the play) shows very little emotion over the actual death of his father, but is over-eager to avenge it. It is therefore apparent that while Hamlet truly loves his father, Laertes is more concerned with the saving the pride of the family by avenging his father’s death than with realizing that his father is dead. Therefore, Hamlet seems to be more exocentric, while Laertes, continuing his father’s quest for personal gain, appears to be more egocentric. Hamlet seems to fancy himself an actor; several times during the play, he either gives â€Å"pointers† to other players or excessively dramatizes a scene. The famous line, â€Å"Alas, poor Yorick! (V. i. 179-188)† finds Hamlet dramatically talking to a skull. In order to enhance emotion and to add a mood to a monologue, Elizabethan actors often talked to inanimate objects. In this scene Hamlet is utilizing the skull and the overall dark aura of the graveyard to speak of Ophelia’s death. In addition to these instances, Hamlet is acting insane for the majority of the play, in order to put his devious schemes into action without being suspected by his uncle. He uses his surroundings to enhance his words, thus acting out a philosophical monologue in a regular conversation. Laertes seems to be more rough and unrefined than Hamlet– like his actions, his words are bold and to the point. Unlike Hamlet, Laertes’ lines at the end of the play tend to be short and to the point– he speaks no more than eight lines at a time in all but one occasion beginning in Act 4, Scene 5. Hamlet frequently goes into long monologues that can exceed fifty lines. The distinctions between Hamlet and Laertes are significant because they provide some insight into the personalities of both characters, particularly Hamlet. By introducing Laertes into the play as a fiery, compulsive person; any resemblance of ambition or courage displayed by Hamlet pales in comparison to Laertes’. This enhances the emotion in Hamlet’s monologue at the end of Act II, when Hamlet examines himself and finds him lacking in courage. The inner turmoil in Hamlet is strong, as he calls himself a â€Å"coward† and thinks himself as weak as a woman. He wants to avenge his father’s death at Claudius’ hands, yet, like his uncle, he does not approach conflict directly– he takes covert action. Conversely, Hamlet’s lack of action allows him to think through his plans before he puts them into effect, allowing for much deviousness in planning on his part; Laertes does not tend to think before he puts his throat to a person’s throat. Laertes provides a counterpart to Hamlet– they are in relatively the same situation, but they deal with their problems in entirely different ways. How to cite Hamlet vs. Laertes, Papers

Enterprise Resource Planning free essay sample

There are twenty KSFs considered in this study. They were chosen from literature review. The KSFs are classified into five stages of ERP implementation life cycle; namely: project preparation, technology selection, project formulation, implementation/development and deployment. To address the study objectives, a survey questionnaire was considered the most appropriate research method. It was sent to 74 companies that have been implementing ERP system for at least one year. The respondents are staff at management level, IT staff and users involved in the development and use of the ERP system. The survey received 248 responses from 740 quesitionnaires that were sent to the companies. To find the priority of KSFs on ERP implementation life cycle, a quantitative analysis is applied to identify the weighting of KSFs toward ERP implementation success. The success of ERP implementation can be measured through five indicators; namely: system quality, information quality, service quality, tactical impact and strategical impact. Based on the weighting of KSFs on each stage of ERP implementation life cycle, it is found that the communication is most critical KSF on project preparation stage (? 0. Cost reduction  : It reduces cost only if the company took accounting and reporting seriously even before implementation and had put a lot of manual effort in it. If they didnt care about it, if they just did some simple accounting to fill mandatory statements and if internal reporting did not exists of has not been financially-oriented, then no cost is reduced. Less personnel  : Same as above. Less reporting or accounting personnel, but more sales assistants etc. Accuracy  : No. People are accurate, not software. What ERP does is makes the lives of inaccurate people or organization a complete hell and maybe forces them to be accurate (which means hiring more people or distributing work better), or it falls. 2. Evaluate the importance of integrated information systems in an organization’s success This study proceeds from a central interest in the importance of systematically evaluating operational large-scale integrated information systems (IS) in organizations. The study is conducted within the IS-Impact Research Track at Queensland University of Technology (QUT). The goal of the IS-Impact Track is, to develop the most widely employed model for benchmarking information systems in organizations for the joint benefit of both research and practice (Gable et al, 2009). The track espouses programmatic research having the principles of instrumentalism, tenacity, holism and generalisability through replication and extension research strategies. Track efforts have yielded the bicameral IS-Impact measurement model; the ‘impact’ half includes Organisational-Impact and Individual-Impact dimensions; the ‘quality’ half includes System-Quality and Information-Quality dimensions. Akin to Gregor’s (2006) analytic theory, the IS Impact model is conceptualized as a formative, multidimensional index and is defined as a measure at a point in time, of the stream of net benefits from the IS, to date and anticipated, as perceived by all key-user-groups (Gable et al. , 2008, p: 381). The study adopts the IS-Impact model (Gable, et al. , 2008) as its core theory base. Prior work within the IS-Impact track has been consciously constrained to Financial IS for their homogeneity. This study adopts a context-extension strategy (Berthon et al. , 2002) with the aim to further validate and extend the IS-Impact measurement model in a new context i. e. a different IS Human Resources (HR). The overarching research question is: How can the impacts of large-scale integrated HR applications be effectively and efficiently benchmarked? This managerial question (Cooper amp; Emory, 1995) decomposes into two more specific research questions – In the new HR context: (RQ1): Is the IS-Impact model complete? (RQ2): Is the IS Impact model valid as a 1st-order formative, 2nd-order formative multidimensional construct? The study adhered to the two-phase approach of Gable et al. (2008) to hypothesise and validate a measurement model. The initial ‘exploratory phase’ e mployed a zero base qualitative approach to re-instantiating the IS-Impact model in the HR context. The subsequent ‘confirmatory phase’ sought to validate the resultant hypothesised measurement model against newly gathered quantitative data. The unit of analysis for the study is the application, ‘ALESCO’, an integrated large-scale HR application implemented at Queensland University of Technology (QUT), a large Australian university (with approximately 40,000 students and 5000 staff). Target respondents of both study phases were ALESCO key-user-groups: strategic users, management users, operational users and technical users, who directly use ALESCO or its outputs. An open-ended, qualitative survey was employed in the exploratory phase, with the objective of exploring the completeness and applicability of the IS-Impact model’s dimensions and measures in the new context, and to conceptualise any resultant model changes to be operationalised in the confirmatory phase. Responses from 134 ALESCO users to the main survey question, What do you consider have been the impacts of the ALESCO (HR) system in your division/department since its implementation? were decomposed into 425 ‘impact citations. Citation mapping using a deductive (top-down) content analysis approach instantiated all dimensions and measures of the IS-Impact model, evidencing its content validity in the new context. Seeking to probe additional (perhaps negative) impacts; the survey included the additional open question In your opinion, what can be done better to improve the ALESCO (HR) system? Responses to this question decomposed into a further 107 citations which in th e main did not map to IS-Impact, but rather coalesced around the concept of IS-Support. Deductively drawing from relevant literature, and working inductively from the unmapped citations, the new ‘IS-Support’ construct, including the four formative dimensions (i) training, (ii) documentation, (iii) assistance, and (iv) authorisation (each having reflective measures), was defined as: a measure at a point in time, of the support, the [HR] information system key-user groups receive to increase their capabilities in utilising the system. Thus, a further goal of the study became validation of the IS-Support construct, suggesting the research question (RQ3): Is IS-Support valid as a 1st-order reflective, 2nd-order formative ultidimensional construct? With the aim of validating IS-Impact within its nomological net (identification through structural relations), as in prior work, Satisfaction was hypothesised as its immediate consequence. The IS-Support construct having derived from a question intended to probe IS-Impacts, too was hypothesised as antecedent to Sati sfaction, thereby suggesting the research question (RQ4): What is the relative contribution of IS-Impact and IS-Support to Satisfaction? With the goal of testing the above research questions, IS-Impact, IS-Support and Satisfaction were operationalised in a quantitative survey instrument. Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling employing 221 valid responses largely evidenced the validity of the commencing IS-Impact model in the HR context. ISSupport too was validated as operationalised (including 11 reflective measures of its 4 formative dimensions). IS-Support alone explained 36% of Satisfaction; IS-Impact alone 70%; in combination both explaining 71% with virtually all influence of ISSupport subsumed by IS-Impact. Key study contributions to research include: (1) validation of IS-Impact in the HR context, (2) validation of a newly conceptualised IS-Support construct as important antecedent of Satisfaction, and (3) validation of the redundancy of IS-Support when gauging IS-Impact. The study also makes valuable contributions to practice, the research track and the sponsoring organisation. a. List the technologies that increase the power and effectiveness of an ERP system. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) implementation differs in organizations structured into nearly independent business units, as they will each have different processes, business rules, data semantics, authorization hierarchies, every-day business operations, decision-making criterias and decision centers. In order to be able to respond to todays customer needs, software designers are struggling to provide custom-integrated solutions that would ensure standard systems requirements and also a platform for customized solutions. Still, customizing an ERP package can prove to be expensive and resource consuming and can influence the implementation of the standard benefits of an integrated system. Nevertheless, customizing an ERP suite gives the scope to implement smart and new solutions for excellence in specific areas while ensuring that industry best practices are achieved in less sensitive areas. In this paper, we will proceed to the analysis, presentation and comparison of the current most important technologies (like information methodologies and data warehouses) which are being used in development of the ERP systems. . Differentiate between commercial and open source ERP Open Source ERP and Commercial ERP It is a known fact that most big organizations select and implement Commercial ERP solutions rather than go with Open Source ERP software. Why so? What are the challenges then that Open Source ERP Vendors face when competing against a Commercial ERP package? Let us investigate and see how Open Source E RP Solutions stack up against the Commercial ERP counterparts. Time to Market The time to market, or the time it takes to implement a Commercial ERP package is generally longer (given that you may be subject to software availability timeline restrictions from the software vendor and implementation process methodologies from a large systems integrator). Typically, organizational processes need to conform to the software process itself, and effecting that change can take a long time. Open Source ERP implementations are generally used by smaller companies who are just setting up processes initially, are typically not averse to adjusting to a new process. For this reason, typical Open Source ERP implementations see smaller implementation cycles (mostly due to the simplicity of the project itself) Price Open Source ERP solutions are typically less expensive (most being completely free) to license than Commercial software. The only upfront cost associated with using them is the support and maintenance contract fees or some small amount as License fees when using a customized version that is being promoted by a specific company. But to assess true price/lifetime costs can be trickier! The following sections discuss this in more detail. Flexibility Open Source, means you now have the code, and can modify it yourself! How can a system provide more flexibility than this? Compare this to a Commercial ERP solution: To get any fix, patch upgrade or new functionality on your system and it will take time! However in case of an Open Source ERP you might need to keep your own team of developers to not only add the features, but to also maintain it yourself. So a complete IT Team may be required. This implies that even though the cost of initial software acquisition is low, the cost of keeping the software running can potentially be higher. Training amp; Ramp-Up Commercial ERPs typically need specific training for the developers/implementers (examples SAP, Oracle ERP) etc. But for Open Source, you have the entire source-code itself! Open Source ERP providers believe (as do most geeks) that there is no better documentation than the source code itself. Source code may be the best piece of documentation for a Developer, but for an End User it usually means nothing. While the code base is the most authentic documentation in a sense, but it takes time for someone to understand the organization of the code, workflows and how it is packaged. Commercial ERPs score over the Open Source ERP community because they have better documentation, many technology forums where developers can discuss their issues, find solutions, and most often a very large community to help you out if you need answers to tricky problems. SAP and Oracle Apps, probably have the world’s largest developer forums/community. If we consider the arguments above, Open Source ERPs seem to have an edge. But we rarely see a large organization going for an Open Source ERP solution. Here’s why I believe Commercial ERPs have an edge: Support Network/Communities/Forums There plenty of software professional service firms, who are willing to support a SAP/Oracle implementation. The eco-system is established and not only generates revenue for these implementation firms, but also delivers client value – that is proven. Isn’t it true that you will rarely get a Vendor to Support an Open Source ERP solution other than the Solution Provider themselves! If you are not sure that you can rely on a Vendor or your own capabilities, to support your current systems it might not be a good idea to invest in an Open Source ERP even if it is a fraction of cost today. You need to plan for adequate support, when you need it. And you need to plan ahead – at least   for a good 5-10 years! Tried amp; Tested Software Platforms Companies like SAP and Oracle have been in the ERP business far too long for anyone to have doubts about their implementation track record. Open Source ERPs are relatively new and do not have too many implementations to boast of. When deciding between a proven ERP solution and a new ERP solution (a decision on which your company’s future rides) you will tend to lean towards tried and tested methodologies wont you? Intellectual Property Many large clients of enterprise commercial software are themselves not in the business of writing and maintaining software. They would rather rely on specialists, and license the relevant technology from them. Also, they are usually wary about intellectual property rights, and using open source software – implies that they would have to contribute back to the software – that other companies can benefit from as much as them. This can be a big deterrent – and most companies do not want to share how they are leveraging a given enterprise software, with their competition. Needless to say, that commercial ERP vendors, also have the best Sales teams! Conclusion The best brand ambassador for Open Source today are probably Linux (big presence in Enterprise), Android (big presence in mobile, tablets), Firefox web browser, JBoss Application Server to name a few. However apart from Android and Firefox, not many are known for their user friendliness! The perception in the enterprise about Open Source is still very shaky if one comes to reliability (Linux and JBoss being the exceptions probably). Enterprises will swear about Blackberry security and reliability but not about Android will they (android being the more feature rich platform here! )? Similar perception goes with the Open Source ERPs. Open Source ERP solutions are still far from establishing a brand name for themselves (like Linux, JBoss). They probably will need to build communities like those for Linux and JBoss. They might also require angel investors like those that JBoss, RedHat, and Ubuntu have and at least a decade or more of serious concerted development in order to compete with Commercial ERPs 4. Explain the major functions of the Manufacturing and Production Planning module. 5. Discuss the three types of information essential for a successful ERP system 6. Introduction Tougher competition in the marketplace is generating the need to better optimize resources, improve profitability and keep customers satisfied. Companies are increasingly implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software solutions to improve operations and provide faster customer response. Choosing an ERP solution that meets your specific business requirements will enable you to have a smoother implementation. If the software package is written for your industry, you won’t have to custom design a solution. Customized solutions are time consuming to implement and add unnecessary cost. One of the top reasons ERP implementations fail is because the software doesn’t meet basic industry specific business requirements. However; purchasing an ERP application is only half the battle. A well designed implementation plan is the key to success. e, finalizing objectives, formulating a training plan. Make sure you include first line workers as well as management on your team. Base the selection on the knowledge of the team not status of the employee. Examine current business processes: Have the team perform an analysis on which business processes should be improved. Gather copies of key documents such as invoices, batch tickets and bill of lading for the analysis. To start the team discussion, consider questions such as: Are your procedures up to date? Are there processes that could be automated? Are personnel spending overtime processing orders? Does your sales force and customer service personnel have real-time access to customer information? The team members should also conduct interviews with key personnel to uncover additional areas of improvement needed. Set objectives: The objectives should be clearly defined prior to implementing the ERP solution. ERP systems are massive and you won’t be able to implement every function. You need to define the scope of implementation. Ideally, the scope should be all inclusive. But practically, it is very difficult to implement. Examples of objectives would include: Does the solution reduce backlogs? Can the solution improve on-time deliveries? Will you be able to increase production yields? Develop a project plan: The team should develop a project plan which includes previously defined goals and objectives, timelines, training procedures, as well as individual team responsibilities. The end result of the project plan should be a â€Å"to do† list for each project team member. 1. Strategic Planning 2. Procedure Review 3. Data Collection and Clean-Up 4. Training and Testing 5. Go Live and Evaluation a. What is CAD/CAM and what are its advantages? 1. Eliminate extra and costly data translation steps between applications that are operating on the same 3-D model. Some systems offer a complete set of fully integrated applications for the complete process from part design through mold design, NC programming, electrode design and CMM inspection programming. 2. Automate more of the manufacturing authoring process: (a) automate NC and CMM programming by using design requirements (GDamp;T and product manufacturing information (PMI), and color coding) directly on the 3-D model; and, (b) store NC data inside the standard part’s 3-D model file. For example, the NC data inside a standard slide model can be easily updated to its determined design dimensions. 3. Use integrated validation tools throughout the process. Integrated CAD/CAM systems can include tools to validate (and even improve) part and tool designs: molded part manufacturability checks, injection molding simulation and tool motion simulation with collision detection. Before machining, validate NC data with integrated g-code driven machine tool simulation. 4. Keep your data organized so you can work in teams, work in parallel and react faster to design changes. For example, using a master model with associativity allows you to update your mold design, NC programs, electrodes and setup sheets when the CAD model changes. Associativity makes design changes go faster and simple changes can be updated automatically— they don’t require reprogramming because they automatically re-adjust. More than one designer can work on the same tool at the same time; and, you can start NC programming before the tool design is completed. 5. Share knowledge between departments so designs can be done right the first time with manufacturability taken into consideration. When everyone works on the same system, this is much easier to do and the benefits can be substantial. Unfortunately in some cases, designers do not realize the impact of their decisions on the manufacturing process. Design features that are difficult to manufacture can add extra costs to jobs. They can add extra manufacturing steps and extra NC programming time due to feature redesign. When NC programmers and designers work with the same system, it’s much easier for both disciplines to work together. Some CAD/CAM systems have the ability to copy features and store them in a library for later use or can create custom features. When this is the case, NC programmers can work with designers to specify features that include manufacturability considerations. Designers can reuse these features from a library (saves design time) with the confidence that manufacturing knows how to machine them. When you are able to start with a clean sheet and complete the whole process with the same system, the value of using one integrated CAD/CAM system pays off. Besides the process-based benefits summarized above, additional benefits are to be gained in the forms of reduced training costs due to one easy-to-learn consistent user interface, administration of one system and working with one vendor. b. Briefly explain the need for Sales and Distribution module (August 2012) Sales and Distribution module TO keep pace with rapid changes in the business world, companies need an integrated and flexible enterprise system that supports all aspects of their business with state-of-the-art functionality. This innovative solution should upgrade effortlessly and interface easily with third-party applications as well as have the ability to incorporate existing systems while extending its reach to the Internet and e-commerce. In todays competitive business environment, companies are increasingly being forced to streamline business processes. In a world where it is no longer enough to simply have the best product, companies are focusing on core competencies and closer partnerships over the whole supply chain. Here, increased efficiency in sales and distribution is a key factor to ensure that companies retain a competitive edge and improve both profit margins and customer service. In helping business to beat them on delivery, the Sales and Distribution module of eresource ERP systems offers a comprehensive set of best-of-bred component for both order and logistics management. Eresource ERP system is tightly integrated with the Sales and Distribution module. This integration enables the mapping and supply of single-site or multi-site organizations. Developing precise logistics planning for just-in-time deliveries, this system can also generate replenishment orders by using defined warehouse requirements. The following are the sales related business transactions:   Sales queries, such as inquiries and quotations Sales orders Outline agreements, such as contracts and scheduling agreements   Delivery/Shipment Invoicing/billing After sales support During sales order-processing the following basic functions are carried out:   Inquiry handling Quotation preparation and processing Contracts and contact management (order management) Monitoring the sales transaction Checking for availability Transferring requirements to materials planning (MRP) Scheduling the delivery Calculating pricing and taxes Checking credit limits Invoicing/billing Creating printed or electronically transmitted documents Depending on how your particular system is configured, these functions may be completely automated. The data that results from these basic functions is stored in the system where it can be displayed. Eresource ERP s Sales and Distribution module very actively interacts with the material management and financial accounting module for delivery and billing. Master of Business Administration MBA Semester 3 â€Å"Operations Management† Specialization OM 0011 – Enterprise Resource Planning (4 credits) (Book ID:B1233 ) ASSIGNMENT- Set 2 Marks 60 Note: Each Question carries 10 marks Describe the ERP inventory module. ERP Inventory module facilitates processes of maintaining the appropriate level of stock in a warehouse. The activities of inventory control involves in identifying inventory requirements, setting targets, providing replenishment techniques and options, monitoring item usages, reconciling the inventory balances, and reporting inventory status. Integration of inventory control module with sales, purchase, finance modules allows ERP systems to generate vigilant executive level reports. Features of Inventory Module: Online status of item quantity in terms of on-hand, on-hand, available, reserved, ordered, to order, rejected, defective and rework able quantities. Complete excise functionality and generation of excise registers * Multiple levels of classification of items * Quality Control based on QC parameters * Handling Material Rejections * Rejected Material dispatch to subcontractors * Linking of GRN to PO and Invoice * Gate pass – returnable/non return * Cenvat claim for capital goods * Analysis which help in maintaining optimum stock levels * Physical verification of stock * Re allocation of rework able stock * Multiple warehouses/branches/regional offices * Stock transfer – receipts from other warehouse Excisable items – Definition and Chapter allocation * Multiple units of measurement * Alternate items for Production Planning * Handling of non-stock low value items like stationery * Lot wise tracking of inventory at shop floor and main stores * Stock Valuation – LIFO/FIFO/weighted average * Material Requisition from different requirement areas * Purchasing and subcontracting * Receiving material against sales order processing, material requirement, subcontracting, gate pass and production requisition * Landed Rate of Items * Consolidation of all warehouses Consolidation at any level of company hierarchy * ERP inventory module covers all stock related functions of an organization. Stock management and valuation activities, which form the backbone of any organization generally, take a lot of time and resources. M- wan Inventory handles all the store activities of issues, dispatches, receipts and quality control. The lot wise stock of each item is maintained and various MIS are provided for tracking stock movement. b. Summarise the various features of ERP financial module When it comes o financial matters, it is always recommended to be organized, whether your requirements are very straightforward or not. There is a wide range of software packages to choose from simple programs where you record income and expenditure to the more sophisticated which allow you to import bank statements, look after your investments, set up budget. Enterprise resource planning, or ERP is a system designed to integrate both internal and external management information across an entire organization, including finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales or customer relationship management. It comes with a dedicated software application meant to automate the entire activity and to streamline the flow of information between all business functions of an organization as well as to manage the connection with the outside stakeholders. Well-designed software reap a wide array of benefits including a better performance in the business. MIE Solutions is the company that provides Financial Modules for ERP Software which gather financial data from different functional departments and generates accurate financial reports such as general ledger, trail balance, a balance sheet and quarterly financial statements. It also enables the information sharing between the functions inside the boundaries of the organization, irrespective of the geographical locations and facilitates a better decision making process. Taking into consideration the long term impact of different financial modules for ERP software, organizations are very cautions when choosing an application. It is a fact that once you start using this kind of software, it is very difficult to switch to another program. The significant financial investment and the complexities associated with the implementation of this software make imperative the use of the most reliable software. If you carefully evaluate the financial modules for ERP software provided by MIE Solutions, you can notice that the system is very easy to install, learn and implement in your core business process. It boasts a great usability and performance streamlining your work flow and improving productivity. Financial modules for ERP software cover the most important areas of job costing, cash flow, maintenance of general ledger, accounts payable and account receivable, manages fixed assets and produces required financial statements. Although it is a complex software, it doesnt require technical expertise but rather a basic training in order o prevent any further complications. This training is required just at the initial stages of implementation and thus it offers a great return on investment. The main goal of the financial modules for ERP software is to improve productivity of an organization by catering the specific and growing requirements and needs. It is worth mentioning that the financi al modules for ERP software represent the core modules around which other modules of the system revolve. Therefore, MIE Solutions has creating a solid, feature rich but still user-friendly system which can be easily integrated with other modules. The most important feature of the software include accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledge, trial balance, profitamp;loss, balance sheet, debt, balance, creditors balance and cash/bank balances. It allows any organization to automatically distribute transactions for it comes with a built-in flexibility that reduces the amount of work required for specific processes. Financial modules for ERP software offer you a better control over your business activity for they represent a complete solution that meets and even exceeds your expectations. . a. Illustrate the role of ERP systems in Human Resources ERP Today: At present the primary advanced ERP vendors offering ERP solutions are SAP, Oracle, JD Edward,PeopleSoft,Microsoft Dynamics and Invensys. They focus on internet based architecture because of the raise in E-commerce and globalization of business (Garg and Venkitakrishnan, 2006). Few of these organizations are growing their ERP system with new modules and also have chan ged their names of ERP systems to catchy names such as Enterprise Suite, E-commerce Suite, Enterprise solutions etc. However, todays ERP is much more advanced than the Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) and is famous today for non-manufacturing operations (Hunter, 2008). In the present day SAP is the global leader in inter-enterprise software manufacturing company and leading ERP supplier in the world. To have a wide-ranging applications, SAP idea was to give customers the ability to cooperate with a common database in an organization and today the corporations like IBM also use SAP products for running their business. The ERPs Human Resources Module Main Features A business is concentrated by four productive resources namely its Land, Labour, Capital and Enterprise to produce or sell products and provide services. Simultaneously while achieving business tasks, concentration must be also be given to the people who carry out these functions jobs i. e. , the organizations  Human resource  (HR). Human Resources are the companys people included in all hierarchy from employees to middle managers and non-managerial employees to the CEO and others (Jones, 2007). The management which involves the activities framed to recruit the best candidates suitable for the respective nature of the job and improve their skills and abilities by providing them good and proper support is called  Human Resource  Management (HRM). The five gears of HRM system are: recruitment and selection, training and development, performance feedback, payments and benefits, and labour relations (Jones, 2007). According to Kapp et al (2001), the usage of ERPs in Human Resource Module is each core part of HR practice is explained below. Recruitment, Retention:  This ERP module used to maintain the record of college visits for the recruitment process, candidates from consultancies and their resumes; list of candidates available for full-time or Part-time work etc. This HR module can be integrated with training management to link with the initial process of the selected candidates. Training Management:  This module tracks the newly enrolled candidates who are under training process. It also maintains the course description, course availability, review course assessment, traces the training cost and fixes a training budget. The most important thing about this module is that, the e-learning training sources are connected to the employees desktop which can be used for requirement. Finally, ERP records the employees performance during the training period which will be useful to be reviewed by the training supervisors. Payroll:  Employees attendance and their time of entry to work and exit are entered into the system to determine the number of work hours. This module tracks, check and reports both the hours of work and respective wages of employees. It also includes the process of calculating the taxes and deducts from the salary and also garnishee wages for charitable purpose like child support and for cancer patients. Time and Attendance:  this module is integrated with Payroll module. Apart from the roles of Payroll systems, it also concentrates on the sick leave of the employees. Time and attendance are easily recorded in the system by scanning the employee barcode which is located on every employees identity card. c. What is the purpose of gap analysis and how are the gaps fixed? Definition of Gap Analysis The process through which a company compares its actual performance to its expected performance to determine whether it is meeting expectations and using its resources effectively. Gap analysis seeks to answer the questions where are we? (current state) and where do we want to be? (target state). A method of asset-liability management that can be used to assess interest rate risk or liquidity risk excluding credit risk. Gap analysis is a simple IRR measurement method that conveys the difference between rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities over a given period of time. This type of analysis works well if assets and liabilities are compromised of fixed cash flows. Because of this a significant shortcoming of gap analysis is that it cannot handle options, as options have uncertain cash flows 4. How does an ERP system facilitate better decision-making? Decision making success The trend in information systems is toward implementing highly integrated enterprise-oriented systems, and the output of the system is a source of information related the managers behavior (Doinea et al. , 2011). ERP systems originated as an attempt to eliminate data redundancies, data inconsistencies and overall organizational inefficiency by integrating core business activities into one single database. Besides integration, the purpose is to enhance decision support from accurate and timely information (Madapusi and DSouza, 2011). Hence, an ERP system continually collects information and provides timely availability of the information for managing, accounting, reporting, data mining and communicating internally and with outside parties. ERP investment can support the responsiveness, control, reliability, and adaptability of firms and enable more effective decision making (Aral and Weill, 2007). Many studies reveal that ERP systems provide information for better decision making (Bernroider et al. , 2005; Davenport, 1998; Jain, 2008; ODonnell and David, 2000). Different decision-makers directly turn into ERP systems to access information in different organizational task (Madapusi, 2008). Basically, ERP systems improve quality of accounting information, develop alternatives and solve problem through the computer-based technology (Forslund, 2010; Griffin and Dempsey, 2011; Jain, 2008). ERP system capability is a part of computer-based technology for the acquisition, storage processing and communication that can improve both efficiency and effectiveness (Karimi et al. , 2007). Accordingly, ODonnell and David (2000) state that accounting information systems provided information to improve decision making when the information produced by IT (ERP systems) combines with IT user and IT environment. As mentioned above, the potential resources is realized when they are valuable, rare, costly to imitate, and non-substitutable (Chuebang and Ussahawanitchakit, 2009). ERP system capability helps to integrate the structure, people and process for creating valuable information to make decision as a successful factor for business to allocate a firms resource and maximize the effectiveness and goals. ERP system capability is business resource and utilization of information in decision-making strategies (Doinea et al. , 2011). Hence, the related hypothesis is postulated as follows. Hypothesis 4: Resource utilization effectiveness is positively related to decision making success. Accounting Information quality provides ERP systems to have attributes as reliability which is composed of accuracy, completeness, relevance and timeliness. It is used to deal with the usefulness in management functions. ERP system capability would improve decision making success through the accounting information quality (Ditkaew and Ussahawanitchakit, 2010; Doinea et al. , 2011; Karimi et al. , 2007; Madapusi, 2008). ERP system capability creates accounting information quality which is composed of accuracy, completeness, relevance and timeliness and effects decision-making quality. Decision makers are a factor that influences utilization of information (Doinea et al. , 2011). Moreover, it also found that ERP system capability supports storing, processing and disseminating accounting information both financial and non-financial data by improving decision making and planning (Doinea et al. , 2011; Karimi et al. , 2007; ODonnell and David, 2000). Consequently, the related hypothesis is postulated as follows. Hypothesis 5: Accounting information quality is positively related to decision making success. ERP Information quality in one of the critical parts affecting decision making which is the influence of various physical ERP system that affects their decision-making quality. Accounting module is an important part in business process that has to regenerate valuable information for decision making. Karimi et al. ,(2007) examined the role of information systems resource in ERP capability in manufacturing firms results and found that ERP capability affects business process outcomes (Karimi et al. 2007). ERP systems are a set of business process that change management accounting information and change business process such as the elimination of routine jobs, line managers with accounting knowledge, more forward looking information and a wider role for the making decision success (Galani et al. , 2010). Therefore, decision making success is a consequence of business process efficiency by integ rating all the function areas within an organization, to determine the extent to which ERP system capability enhance firms in achieving that. Hence, ERP system capability is often tightly connected to the resources based embedded in organization business process efficiency. The related hypothesis is, thus, postulated as follows. Hypothesis 6: Business process efficiency is positively related to decision making success. 5. What are the modules available in SAP R/3? SAP can be expanded as Systeme, Andwendungen, Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung in German or Systems, Applications and Products in Informations Processing in English. The German enterprise founded in the yr 1972 published module R/1 and module R/2 earlier. Still, with the advent of the client server architecture the module R/3 was released by the company in the yr 1992 and is a business management application founded on this architecture. The answer to the application has been extraordinary and it can be expressed that the R/3 module has needed the global software industry by storm. The R/3 module can be best described as a comprehensive and integrated information system. SAP R/3 is a now being widely used around the globe and is easily customizable for several organizations reckoning on their sizes of operation due its ABAP/4 programming language. The R/3 architecture is a 3 tiered one which includes a user interface, a software application and database server and is compatible with a mixture of hardware configurations. The R/3 module includes several operational modules like financial control, human resources, materials management, sales and distribution in increase to production planning. Though every last of these modules executes their procedures one by one they are integrated together wherever applicable. This feature makes accessing the complete business actions of a organisation feasible to all it employees. The module too profits through its easy to use interface and online help functionality. The SAP R/3 module is provided to the client with general features turned on and a host of optional features impaired. An corporation can manipulate the software corresponding to their particular needs by altering the settings of the database and tables in the module. Still, the module with its greatest features comes with a high price tag. The price of the R/3 module ranges anyplace between US$1. 5million and US$5million. Though the functionality of the module is highly amazing implementing the R/3 module is a tiring task not to refer the superior costs involved. Implementation and maintenance prices range between US$10million to US$100million and include the service charges of the SAP consultant who assists in the process. By And Large the implementation operation needs a lot of changes within the corporation and can be distributed into four primary stages the project preparation stage where SAP technical support enterprise is based and preparating the SAP necessities of the organisation are undertaken. In the 2nd stage, the blueprinting stage analysis of the cost of ownership, high availability and disaster recovery demands, staffing the support organization and training are executed. In the 3rd functional management stage the changes that the company need to undergo are designed and the SAP systems management and SAP computer procedures are established. The phase likewise involves testing the SAP system before implementation. The final preparation stage involves another testing operation and the cutover phase where the organization plans the process of transmission from the older system to a newer 1. It is obvious that the SAP R/3 module is a highly usable and integrated system for companies. Though the price of the application, maintenance and implementation are high the functionality of the module overweighs the costs needed. Some organisations around the globe have executed the R/3 module and benefited hugely. 6. a. Who is an end-user and why are they so critical for the success of the ERP implementation Top Factors Needed to Ensure a Successful ERP System Implementation Faculty and staff at 12 higher education institutions were asked what strengths their institutions had that would help them effectively implement a new ERP ystem. The strengths that consistently came out on top included the following: 1. Consensus on the Need to Change 2. Knowledgeable, Experienced, and Dedicated Staff 3. Supportive and Aligned Leadership 4. Technical Capabilities and Support 5. Institutional Teamwork Individually, each of these factors will contribute to the success of a large project or majo r change initiative. Collectively, these factors create an environment ready for success. Consensus on the Need to Change Consensus on the need to change is a key factor in helping institutions navigate their way through significant change. A natural human reaction is to work to eliminate pain or dissatisfaction. The more pain people experience with their current conditions or situations, the easier they accept the goals of a new and improved future. They will also work harder to reach these goals. When planning an ERP implementation, leadership should identify, clarify, and communicate the current situation and the resulting problems. Next, leaders must articulate and describe the future after the project or change is implemented. Institutional constituents will be more open to largescale change if they see both the present problems and the improved future. Different constituents will feel varying amounts of pain. In the case of implementing a new ERP system, some constituents are comfortable working around their outdated systems. In these situations, leadership needs to communicate the pain from an institutional perspective to help gain the consensus needed for the change (i. e. nconsistent data across the institution, the inability to create comprehensive reporting, and unsatisfactory student services). Creating consensus around the need for change is an important element in any organizational change initiative. Knowledgeable, Experienced, and Dedicated Staff Having knowledgeable, experienced, and dedicated staff is the second most-mentioned institutional strength to facilitate a successful ERP system implementa tion. These staff members are the people who are dedicated to the institution and care about its mission and service to students. They are also the ones who will be critically involved in the project and are most often affected directly by the institutional change. Whatever type of change you may be initiating, a key strategy to take advantage of this strength involves recognizing these people and engaging them early on and continuously throughout the project. These staff members can help you position the need for change, lead and manage your project team tasks, and provide great vehicles for two-way communication. Supportive and Aligned Leadership Alignment of and support from leadership was the third ost-mentioned strength that institutions indicated would be helpful when implementing their ERP system. Leadership buy-in and ongoing support are critical components in any successful change effort. Leaders should take responsibility for determining, clarifying, and communicating a consistent message of support for the initiative as well as reinforcing the need. In addition, especially with large-scale changes or projects like an ERP implementation, leadership must recognize the volume of work involved in implementing the change and the impact upon the various functions of the organization. Technical Capabilities and Support Specifically for large technology projects, institutional stakeholders indicated that having internal technical capabilities, strong technical support, and institutional commitment to technology are important for project success. Having these capabilities can facilitate the implementation process and the effective transfer of knowledge and necessary skills. This factor is also extremely important for other types of projects or change initiatives. Experience and skills in the applicable areas are needed to implement a project or initiative with an increased likelihood of success. If these skills are not available, hiring a third-party to provide those skills can be advantageous. Institutional Teamwork Not surprising, higher education constituents indicated that teamwork is a critical component for implementing large-scale projects or change initiatives. Teamwork can be built when working on a project; however, starting with people who general like each other and work well across functions can help make a significant change or large project easier and more effective. This knowledge is helpful when putting together project teams who will be assigned specific activities and tasks. If institutions have not implemented many enterprise-wide projects (i. e. an ERP system implementation), faculty and staff are unaccustomed to working on teams with other functional areas. In these cases, providing an orientation to working on a team can help familiarize people with and accomplish tasks. b. Explain the various factors to consider while choosing application platform